Human anatomy and physiology

Welcome back guys 😁

achalasia a disorder of the oesophagus (gul- let) characterized by uncoordinated or absent contraction of oesophageal smooth muscle and incomplete relaxation of the lower oeso- phageal sphincter (LOS), leading to distur- bances of swallowing (see DYSPHAGIA). It may occur at any age and affects both sexes equal ly: symptoms include progressive difficulty in swallowing liquids and solids, food regurgita- tion, and chest pain precipitated by oesopha- geal spasm. Diagnosis is by *barium swallow X-ray examination, endoscopy, and oesopha- geal *manometry. Treatment is by endoscopic balloon dilatation of the LOS, surgical division of the muscle fibres of the LOS (Heller's car- diomyotomy), or by injection of *botulinum toxin into the LOS.

ACE inhibitor angiotensin-converting en- zvme inhibitor: any one of a group of drugs used in the treatment of raised blood pressure and heart failure. ACE inhibitors act by inter- fering with the action of the enzyme that converts the inactive *angiotensin I to the powerful artery constrictor angiotensin I The absence of this substance allows arteries to widen and the blood pressure to drop. ACE inhibitors are administered by mouth; they include *captopril, *enalapril, perindopril ar- ginine (Coversyl Arginine), and ramipril (Tri- tace). Possible side-effects include weakness dizziness, loss of appetite, and skin rashes.

accessory muscles muscles of the shoulder girdle and chest wall that (in addition to the intercostal muscles and the diaphragm are utilized during *respiratory distress to help the flow of air in and out of the lungs Use of these muscles can be a sign of the degree of difficulty that the patient is in, for example in cases of asthma or *airwav obstruction.

Abortion -1.( Induced abortion , termination of pregnancy ) The removal of an embryo or fetus from the uterus at a stage of pregnancy when it is deemed incapable of independent survival (i.e. at any time between conception and the 24th week of pregnancy). it must be carried out within the terms of the Abortion Act 1967, as amended by the Human Fertil- isation and Embryology Act 1990. Twa doctors must agree that termination of preg- nancy is necessary, either (a) under 24 weeks. if continuing the pregnancy poses a greater risk to the physical or mental health of the woman or her existing children or (b) over 24 weeks, if the woman's life or health is ser- iouslv in danger or if there is a substantial risk of severe disability in the child if born. The woman must be provided with full informa- tion about the methods of termination avail- able so that she can give *informed consent. Early medical termination (using drugs, e.g. *mifepristone, 2. (spontaneous abortion)

ablation- the removal or destruction of tissue or an abnormal growth by surgery. heat, hormones, or other drugs. For example hormonal therapy is an alternative to surgery for the treatment of breast cancer when the patient is not fit for resectional surgery. In den- tistry hard tissue can be removed by erbium laser ablation, with or without water spray.

abdominal migraine a condition characterized by intermittent central abdominal pain that may be associated with nausea, and often vomiting. It usually occurs in children between the ages of three and ten years and is more common in those with a family history of migraine headaches. Typically these children develop migraine headaches when they are older.

Regions and quadrants of your abdomen

Snake bites can reveal whether the snake is venomous or nonvenomous by the pattern left on the skin. Venomous snakes usually leave two deep fang punctures from their hollow fangs used to inject venom. Nonvenomous snakes often leave multiple small teeth marks in a curved pattern because they bite without venom-injecting fangs. The bite shape can help identify the danger quickly.

Osteosarcoma - Bone cancer Very fatal

🥹 A Chinese surgeon removed a tumor from a patient’s lung while located 5,000 km away from her. The remote surgeon operated the robot from Shanghai, while the patient was in Kashgar. The operation was a success.

💊How does the tablet work? Tablets are one of the most common forms of medications. They contain the active substance in compressed form. Different types of tablets may differ in the speed and method of release of the active substance in the body. ⁉️ After taking the tablet, it enters the stomach, where it begins to disintegrate and dissolve under the influence of gastric juice. 🟢 Dissolved active substances are absorbed through the walls of the stomach or intestines and enter the bloodstream. 👍 With blood, the medicine spreads throughout the body, reaching tissues and organs where it begins to have its effect.

Kidney stones Formation Explained with Animation.

❓Understanding Varicose veins :- When the vains are swollen, twisted, and enlarged veins, usually appearing in the legs due to weakened vein walls and faulty, one-way valves that allow blood to pool. 🙏Varicose Vains cause aching, heaviness, and visible blue or purple bulging cords. Causes:- 👨🏻‍🦳Age: Natural wear and tear on valves. 🤰Pregnancy & Hormones: Increased blood volume and hormonal changes. ✨Lifestyle: Prolonged standing or sitting, and obesity. 🧬 Genetics: Family history

What is the difference between brain death and coma? Loss of consciousness can occur in several medical conditions, but brain death, coma, vegetative state, and minimally conscious state are fundamentally different in terms of brain function, reversibility, and legal status. Brain death is the most severe condition. It occurs when there is irreversible and complete loss of all brain functions, including the brainstem, which controls breathing and reflexes. A brain-dead person cannot breathe without a ventilator, shows no reflexes, and has no brain activity. Importantly, brain death is legally and medically considered death, even though the heart may still beat with life support. There is no possibility of recovery from brain death. A coma, on the other hand, is a state of deep unconsciousness in which the patient is alive but unresponsive. In coma, the brain is severely depressed but not permanently damaged. The person does not wake up, does not respond meaningfully to stimuli, and has no awareness, but basic brainstem functions like breathing may still be present. Unlike brain death, coma can be temporary, and patients may recover, progress to another state, or worsen depending on the cause (such as head injury, stroke, infection, or poisoning). Other related conditions lie between coma and full awareness. A vegetative state occurs when a person regains sleep–wake cycles and may open eyes, but has no conscious awareness of self or surroundings; brainstem functions are intact, but higher brain functions are severely damaged. A minimally conscious state is a more advanced condition in which the patient shows limited but definite signs of awareness, such as following simple commands or purposeful movements. Unlike brain death, all these conditions involve a living person, and some degree of improvement is medically possible, especially in coma and minimally conscious states.

Why Cotton Swabs Don’t Belong in Your Ears- Using cotton swabs often pushes wax deeper into the canal, increasing the risk of blockage, irritation, infection, and temporary hearing loss.

How sleep length affects your health risks

❓Impact of Body Fat on Internal Organs:- Excess body fat, especially deep visceral fat surrounding organs, triggers chronic inflammation, disrupts hormones, and increases the risk of type 2 diabetes, heart disease, high blood pressure, fatty liver, certain cancers, stroke, and kidney disease by interfering with metabolic processes and straining bodily systems. While subcutaneous fat (under the skin) offers some insulation and protection, excessive visceral fat directly harms organs by releasing harmful substances and causing insulin resistance, leading to widespread health complications.