Batch 24 📚

هذا جدول يساعدكم بجابتر البروتين ادعو للي سواه 🙏🏻🙏🏻🤍 اول لاين ال DM معناها Doxycycline and minocycline

ع شكل مقارنه انواع الsupp. ……. اقروها تفيدكم ❤️

اسئلة صح وخطأ عن محاضرة ال alkaloid

1. Alkaloids are organic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin and are physiologically active. (True) 2. All alkaloids contain oxygen. (False) 3. Alkaloids are extracted only from plants and do not exist in other sources. (False) 4. Coffee contains the alkaloid known as caffeine, which is an example of pseudo-alkaloids. (True) 5. Alkaloids are tasteless and have no distinct flavor. (False) 6. Nicotine is the only alkaloid that is liquid at room temperature. (True) 7. Piperine is the main alkaloid found in black pepper, and it is completely tasteless. (False) 8. Certain reagents, such as Wagner’s reagent and Mayer’s reagent, are used to detect alkaloids. (True) Here are questions 9 to 16 in English: 9. Alkaloids are usually colorless, but some can be yellow or orange. (True) 10. Most alkaloids are easily soluble in water. (False) 11. True alkaloids are characterized by having a heterocyclic ring with a nitrogen atom and are derived from amino acids. (True) 12. Adrenaline and ephedrine are examples of true alkaloids. (False) 13. Alkaloids can form precipitates with heavy metals, which helps in their identification. (True) 14. Quinine is an alkaloid that belongs to the quinoline group. (True) 15. Alkaloids are classified only based on their plant source, not their chemical structure. (False) 16. Piperine is extracted from black pepper using a Soxhlet apparatus and ethanol as a solvent. (True) Here are more True/False questions in English: 17. Alkaloids are generally weak bases, but some can be amphoteric, such as theobromine and theophylline. (True) 18. When alkaloids are treated with aqueous mineral acids, they convert into their salts. (True) 19. All alkaloids have the same level of basicity regardless of their chemical structure. (False) 20. Alkaloids can be classified into non-heterocyclic (atypical) and heterocyclic (typical) alkaloids based on their chemical structure. (True) 21. Examples of alkaloids that affect the central nervous system include morphine and nicotine. (True) 22. The naming of alkaloids depends only on their physiological activity. (False) 23. Alkaloids can be detected using reagents such as Dragendorff’s reagent and Mayer’s reagent. (True) 24. Pyridine and piperidine alkaloids are found in black pepper, with piperine being the main active compound. (True) 25. Quinine is an alkaloid that belongs to the tropane group. (False) 26. Most alkaloids are poorly soluble in water but dissolve well in organic solvents like chloroform and ether. (True) 27. Proto-alkaloids contain a heterocyclic ring with a nitrogen atom. (False) 28. Steroid and terpenoid alkaloids are examples of heterocyclic alkaloids. (True) 29. The isolation of piperine from black pepper involves using ethanol and potassium hydroxide. (True) 30. Caffeine is a true alkaloid derived from amino acids. (False)

عقاقير عملي

41. Pseudo alkaloids are derived from amino acids. - False (They are not derived from amino acids.) 42. Alkaloids often have a characteristic bitter taste. - True 43. Most alkaloids are poorly soluble in organic solvents. - False (They are poorly soluble in water but dissolve in organic solvents.) 44. Heterocyclic alkaloids contain a nitrogen atom in their structure. - True 45. Alkaloids can be obtained from fungi. - True 46. The classification of alkaloids is solely based on their color. - False (Based on chemical structure.) 47. The term "alkaloid" refers to a group of organic nitrogenous compounds. - True 49. Pyridine and piperidine are examples of non-heterocyclic alkaloids. - False (They are heterocyclic alkaloids.) 50. Alkaloids can be derived from plants, animals, and microorganisms. - True

1. Alkaloids are defined as organic nitrogenous compounds of plant origin that are physiologically active. - True 2. Alkaloids contain only carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen. - False (They may also contain oxygen, sulfur, and rarely other elements like chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus.) 3. Alkaloids can be found in plants, animals, bacteria, fungi, and viruses. - True 4. Industrial sources of alkaloids do not exist. - False (Nicotinic acid can be synthesized from tryptophan or aspartic acid.) 5. The name "atropine" is derived from the generic name of the plant Atropa belladonna. - True 6. The name "cocaine" is derived from the specific name of the plant Erythroxylum coca. - True 7. The name "ergotamine" is derived from the plant genus Ergot. - False (Derived from the common name of the drug.) 8. The name "emetine" is derived from its physiological activity of producing emesis. - True 9. The name "pelletrine" is derived from the discoverer of the alkaloid. - True 10. The name "morphine" is derived from an ancient Greek mythological figure, Morpheus, the god of dreams. - True 11. True alkaloids are characterized by a heterocyclic ring with a nitrogen atom and are derived from amino acids. - True 12. Adrenaline is an example of a true alkaloid. - False (Adrenaline is a proto alkaloid.) 13. Proto alkaloids are characterized by the absence of a heterocyclic ring but are also derived from amino acids. - True 14. Caffeine is an example of a proto alkaloid. - False (Caffeine is a pseudo alkaloid.) 15. Pseudo alkaloids are characterized by a heterocyclic ring with a nitrogen atom but are not derived from amino acids. - True 16. Alkaloids are classified according to their physiological activity. - False (Classified according to chemical structure.) 17. Non-heterocyclic alkaloids are also known as atypical alkaloids or biological amines. - True 18. Heterocyclic alkaloids are divided into 14 groups based on their structure. - True 19. Pyrrol and pyrrolidine are examples of heterocyclic alkaloids. - True 20. Alkaloids usually contain nitrogen derived from an amino acid. - True 22. Alkaloids are usually colorless, but some are colored. - True 23. Nicotine is an alkaloid that is a solid at room temperature. - False (Nicotine is a brown liquid.) 24. Alkaloids do not form precipitates with heavy metal iodides. - False (They do form precipitates except for caffeine.) 25. Most alkaloids are weak bases. - True 26. Some alkaloids are amphoteric. - True (For example, theobromine and theophylline.) 27. Most alkaloids are poorly soluble in water. - True 28. Alkaloids dissolve in organic solvents such as diethyl ether and chloroform. - True 29. Theobromine is an example of a weak base alkaloid. - False (It is amphoteric.) 30. The name "atropine" is derived from its physiological activity. - False (Derived from the generic name of the plant.) 31. Alkaloids can be sourced from bacteria. - True 32. Nicotinic acid can be synthesized from tryptophan. - True 33. Emetine is named after the discoverer of the alkaloid. - False (Named for its physiological activity.) 34. Caffeine is an example of a true alkaloid. - False (Caffeine is a pseudo alkaloid.) 35. Most alkaloids are solid at room temperature. - True 36. Caffeine is an alkaloid that does not form a precipitate with heavy metal iodides. - True 37. Atropine is a pseudo alkaloid. - False (Atropine is a true alkaloid.) 38. Proto alkaloids contain a heterocyclic ring with a nitrogen atom. - False (They lack a heterocyclic ring.) 39. Theobromine and theophylline are examples of weak bases. - False (They are amphoteric.) 40. Morphine is derived from an amino acid. - True

الامور المهمة الي ركز عليها د.احسان من الخاص ..الف شكر للكتبهم ❤️ #فارما

Know the enzymes of phase 1 and phase 2 Half life -> things increasing half life and decreasing it. Last slide of pharmacokinetic is important. Volume of distribution decreases -> decreases half life Increasing volume of distribution-> more distribution of drug Free drug is the only one that’s absorbed, metabolized and excreted. Protein binding affects the amount of free drug. 3 cases that are related to volume of distribution: 1. Large molecule - hydrophilic -> can’t cross blood vessels (because it’s not lipid soluble) hydrophilic molecules look for junction (only small ones can cross) and thus a large hydrophilic molecule remains in the plasma. Thus low distribution volume because it’s confined to the plasma 2. Small hydrophilic molecule -> crosses blood vessels but can’t enter the intersital fluid 3. Lipophilic - total body water (lipophilic molecule is distributed through three compartments) ✏️Therapeutic index measures the safety, if it’s high (high difference between therapeutic and toxic dose is high) if it’s low (narrow therapeutic index) ✏️Learn curves ✏️therapeutic index curve - measures safety ✏️Dose response curve - measures potency and efficacy ✏️Potency measures the amount to reach the 1/2 of the maximum effect. ✏️Efficacy - maximum response. More useful than potency ✏️4 methods of absorption. Know the difference between them, carriers, saturation, energy, driving force (chemical or concentration gradient), specificity (when carrier + saturation is present, specificity is present, passive don’t care about specificity) ✏️Volume of distribution - is a theoretical volume. Factors affecting volume of distribution 1. Protein binding increases in blood - decreases volume of distribution 2. Protein binding increases in tissues - increases volume of distribution 3. Molecular weight 4. Lipophilicity ✏️Know types of muscaranic + nicotonic receptors ✏️All receptors have extracellular and intracellular portion except intracelluar receptors ✏️Know the secondary messenger molecule for each receptor ✏️Types of agonists - full, inverse (below zero), partial and their effect on receptors, potency, efficacy. Ligand (could be agonist or anatagonist (stabilizes) ✏️Ion trapping - modulates the pH in urine Ammonium chloride + vitamin C systemic acidifier Bicarbonate - systemic alkaline

Mcq syrup من البوت ❤️

MCQs on Syrups 1. What are syrups? Syrups are: a) Alcoholic solutions of medicinal substances b) Aqueous preparations of sugar with or without flavoring or medicinal agents c) Solid dosage forms for children d) Medicinal powders mixed with sugar e) Water-free concentrated drug solutions Answer: b) Aqueous preparations of sugar with or without flavoring or medicinal agents 2. Which of the following is an example of a non-medicated syrup? a) Antibiotic syrup b) Antihistamine syrup c) Cherry syrup d) Antitussive syrup e) Multivitamin syrup Answer: c) Cherry syrup 3. What is one of the primary advantages of syrups as a dosage form? a) Immediate onset of action b) Suitable for all age groups c) Resistance to microbial contamination d) Bypasses first-pass metabolism e) Ideal for emergency cases Answer: b) Suitable for all age groups 4. Which of the following components in syrups acts as a preservative? a) Flavoring agents b) Benzoic acid c) Sucrose d) Coloring agents e) Sorbitol Answer: b) Benzoic acid 5. Which type of syrup is most suitable for diabetic patients? a) Sucrose-based syrups b) Artificial or sugar-free syrups c) Honey-based syrups d) High-viscosity glucose syrups e) Alcohol-based syrups Answer: b) Artificial or sugar-free syrups 6. What is the concentration of sucrose in official simple syrup USP? a) 65% w/v b) 70% w/v c) 75% w/v d) 85% w/v e) 90% w/v Answer: d) 85% w/v 7. Why is sucrose preferred in syrups? a) High viscosity b) Low cost and availability c) Non-reactivity and ease of handling d) Lack of color and suitable sweetness e) All of the above Answer: e) All of the above 8. Which of the following methods is not used for syrup preparation? a) Solution with heat b) Solution without heat c) Extraction with ethanol d) Percolation e) Addition to simple syrup Answer: c) Extraction with ethanol 9. Which is the correct pairing of syrup stability issues? a) Fermentation - Presence of antimicrobial agents b) Hydrolysis - Reaction in neutral pH c) Fermentation - Microbial growth in diluted sucrose d) Hydrolysis - Enzymatic activity in refrigerated storage e) Hydrolysis - Alkaline pH degradation Answer: c) Fermentation - Microbial growth in diluted sucrose 10. Which sweetening agent is associated with a laxative effect when ingested in excess? a) Saccharin b) Xylitol c) Sorbitol d) Sucralose e) Mannitol Answer: c) Sorbitol 11. What is the role of glycerin in syrups? a) Preservative only b) Sweetening and viscosity builder c) Preventing hydrolysis d) Providing antimicrobial action only e) Coloring agent Answer: b) Sweetening and viscosity builder 12. What is a key disadvantage of sugar-based syrups compared to artificial syrups? a) Difficulty in flavoring b) Expensive formulation c) Lack of stability under acidic conditions d) Fermentation risk in lower concentrations e) Limited availability of sucrose Answer: d) Fermentation risk in lower concentrations 13. What concentration of sucrose is required to preserve syrups without additional preservatives? a) Less than 50% b) 60% c) 70% d) 85% e) 95% Answer: d) 85% 14. What is a limitation of natural gums like acacia in artificial syrups? a) High viscosity b) Lack of sweetness c) Unstable characteristics upon aging d) Poor microbial resistance e) Toxicity concerns Answer: c) Unstable characteristics upon aging 15. Which preservative is most effective in acidic mediums? a) Alcohol b) Sorbitol c) Sodium benzoate d) Glycerin e) Sucrose Answer: c) Sodium benzoate

اسم المشتقات ركزو ع الجانب اليمين الدكتور كال ممكن اجيب الاسم بهيج طريقة #عقاقير_نظري الملزمة الاخيرة د.سامر

ملاحظات تخص التسمية ❇️تفضل البداية OH ❇️كل acid / aldehyde /keton يفضل النهاية ❇️كاربونه موقع 3 هي الي يصير بيها ارتباط بين الsugar part and non sugar part ❇️كل ene يعني مزودج .....تكون ملاصقة للمركب يعني اذا عندي 19 كاربون فهو اسمه Androstan لكن من لكينا مزودج يصير Androst ..رقم المزدوج ....ene ❇️نباوع لكاربون رقم 5 هي التي تحدد هو الفا لو بيتا "بالتسمية" ❇️بيتا خارج من الورقة يعني من تشوف | هذا بيتا✅ ❇️الفا داخل الحلقة يعني خط متقطع او: نقاط هذا الفا ✅ #عقاقير_نظري

عقاقير عملي تعريف الـ volatile oil اسماءه ....../......./........ من يتعرض للهواء يصيرله ......... مابي لون بحاله ...........اما بحاله..........يصيرله ..........ينطيني دارك كولر Stored in ......./......./........ Soluble in ......./....../......... ..........with water Dreived from ...........the structure ...............chemical name............. ينقسم الى ........تسمى .......و .........تسمى ......... بخصوص النباتات والمجموعة الفعاله يجن بطريقة عكسية ممكن تنطي النبات وتكول اي مجموعة بي وممكن تنطي المجموعة وتريد example "حفظوهم ذني عبارة عن سؤال مسرب ضروري يجن "" كذلك الpart والامثلة نفس الكلام السابق مهمين حفظوهم Pharmacological uses.........../......./........ او تنطي الاستخدام تريد النبات او تنطي النبات تريد الاستخدام طرق التحضير ......../............. اسم الطريقة المستخدمة .............. اسم الجهاز ............

جدول كولش راح يفيدكم محاضرة 3 دكتورة رجاء #باثو طبعا تم تدقيقه من قبل الدكتورة مباشرةً وشكرًا للايادي السوته ❤️

حل واجب الكيمياء العملي

شوية توضيح ….باثو عملي

عقاقير عملي

السلام عليكم القناة رجعت عامه كل الروابط هسا تشتغل يمكم وموفقين يا رب واي شي تحتاجو بخدمتكم

الحمد لله إلى هنا نكون خلصنه الشرح و ركزت على كلشي كال عليه الدكتور مهم و جاي #عضويهII