Black Hole

She has no nipple discharge, breast lumps, or discomfort.  Breast examination is normal.  Her sister was found to have a multiple base pair insertion affecting exon 11 of the BRCA1 gene that leads to a frameshift mutation.  A screening test to evaluate for a similar insertion mutation in the patient's BRCA1 gene is performed.  The test uses polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify the target exon and gel electrophoresis to assess the size of the exon compared to the wild-type allele.  Which of the following must be known in order to perform the amplification part of this analysis? A. Restriction enzyme susceptibility sites within the target exon [13%] B. The amino acid sequence of the abnormal BRCA1 protein [13%] C. The cDNA nucleotide sequence [14%] D. The complete nucleotide sequence of the target exon [15%] E. The nucleotide sequence of the regions flanking the target exon [42%] Correct 42% answered correctly Explanation: Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is used to amplify small fragments of DNA (eg, genes, exons, noncoding regions) by repeated replication.  Several elements are required for PCR.  The first is a source DNA template that includes the target region to be amplified (eg, BRCA1 exon 11) as well as flanking sequences adjacent to the target region.  The oligonucleotide sequence of these flanking regions must be known in order to make the primers necessary to start PCR.  However, the exact nucleotide sequence of the target region does not need to be known (Choice D).  A thermostable DNA polymerase (not denatured at high temperatures) is then used to replicate the DNA template from a pool of supplied deoxynucleotide triphosphates using the following 3 steps: Denaturing:  Thermal separation of the DNA template is accomplished by exposing the sample to high temperatures Annealing:  Primers combine with the denatured, single-stranded flanking ends of the target region when the temperature is lowered Elongation:  DNA polymerase forms new daughter DNA strands in the 5' to 3' direction, starting from the 3' end of each primer These steps are repeated to obtain millions of copies of the target DNA segment in a short period of time (exponential amplification). (Choice A)  Restriction sites are cleaved by specific endonucleases and can be used to identify polymorphisms within variant alleles on gel electrophoresis (restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis).  However, knowing the restriction enzyme susceptibility sites within the target region is not necessary for PCR amplification. (Choice B)  In PCR, only DNA segments are amplified and studied; proteins are not involved.  Proteins can be analyzed using Western blots, but even then, exact amino acid sequences do not need to be known. (Choice C)  Complementary DNA (cDNA) is produced by the reverse transcriptase enzyme using mRNA as a template in reverse transcriptase PCR; it is not used in regular PCR.  cDNA can be used to express eukaryotic proteins in prokaryotes by transferring the cDNA into the genome of a recipient organism. Educational objective: Polymerase chain reaction is used to amplify small fragments of DNA (eg, genes, exons, noncoding regions) by repeated replication.  It requires primers that are complementary to the regions of DNA flanking the segment of interest.  Thermostable DNA polymerase, deoxynucleotide triphosphates, and a source DNA template strand are also necessary.

Bu dunyoda hech narsa senga tegishli bo'lmasa,nimani yo'qotishdan bunchalik qo'rqayabsan.

Bu bergan zavqni uncha munchasi berolmaydi🤩🤩🤩(7 oy boldi)

Hayronman Nimagadir ko'zlarim judayam daxshat og'riyabdi ko'zlarimni zo'rg'a ochebman

Bu musiqa ham men un shunday Bu musiqani birinchi bora eshitganimdagi baxtni Men boshqa hech qaysi musiqadan topmadim topa olmayman ham Bu musiqa hayotimdagi eng yoqimli musiqa bo'lishiga 1000% aminman.

Tarixda buyuk bir pianinochi o'tgan U katta bir kemada tug'ilgan va o'sha kemada kema bn birga vafot etgan U judayam kuchli bo'lganidan quruqlikda yashaydigan eng buyuk pianino chaluvchilarni ham yer tishlatgan ln hech qachon yerga tushmagan U judayam kop musiqalar yaratardi Juda kopchilik aynan uni korish un va uning musiqasini eshitish un kemaga chiqishardi U un qonun va qoidalar bir pul edi U hech kimga yengilmasdi U kemaning haqiqiy qiroli va egasi edi go'yoki Ln bir kuni u kemadan pianino o'ynayotganida kemadan bir ayol tushayotganini ko'radi va o'sha ayolga qarab ichidagi his va kechinmalari bn musiqa chala boshlaydi U ayol esa tushib ketadi U bu musiqasini boshqa chala olmaydi bu musiqani eslay olmaydi chunki bu musiqani yana qayta chalishi un u o'sha ayolga nigohi qadalishi kk edi... Shunday musiqalar borki biz ularni shunchaki eshitmaymiz Balki biz ularni ko'ramiz Butun vujudimiz bn his qilamiz Bu musiqa bizni hayolotimizni va dunyomizni buzib yuborib ruhimizni tanamizdan ayiradi Va umr bo'yi o'sha lahza un yashagandekmiz o'sha lahza og'ushida yashaymiz

Nima un bu musiqani tashladim to'g'ri topgan odamga David Goggins ni asarini sovga qilaman yoki Spider Man ga bitta bilet

Menga anonim xabar yuboring: t.me/QuestionUz_Robot?start=aa8a874e15f949

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Islom sivilizatsiyasi markazida ertalab kelib kulerdan suv ichib turgandim kutubxona ichida milliy gvardiya xodimlari o'tirishadi ratsiadan qanaqadir odamni tutganini va uning sherigi ham bolishi mumkinligini aytishdi Xodim menga qarab turibdi boshqacha nigoh bn😁😁🤣🤣 Jinoyatchiga oxshimanmiyee

Juda muhim bo'limlardan biri 10 kun sarflamoqchiman (orada boshqa bo'limlardan review qilishni ham qo'shib)🤩

Next subject is Hematology-Oncology🏓

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