Internal Medicine

Pulmonary Embolism (PE) | The Silent Clot That Can Turn Fatal

Myxedema Coma Treatment.

Diabetes: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention ؛➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ ✅للمتابعة بشكل مستمر  يرجى الإنضمام الى👇 🔻 قناة طب الباطنة👇 https://t.me/InternalMedicine96 🔻قناة أديسون للدورات الطبية👇 https://t.me/AdisonInstitute ..........

📡 𝗨𝗹𝘁𝗿𝗮𝘀𝗼𝘂𝗻𝗱 𝗙𝗶𝗻𝗱𝗶𝗻𝗴𝘀 𝗼𝗳 𝗖𝗵𝗿𝗼𝗻𝗶𝗰 𝗟𝗶𝘃𝗲𝗿 𝗗𝗶𝘀𝗲𝗮𝘀𝗲 / 𝗖𝗶𝗿𝗿𝗵𝗼𝘀𝗶𝘀 🔹 Coarse heterogeneous liver echotexture with increased parenchymal echogenicity. 🔹 Irregular, nodular liver surface is a characteristic feature of cirrhosis. 🔹 Altered liver morphology with caudate lobe hypertrophy and right lobe atrophy. 🔹 Regenerative nodules may appear as focal iso-, hypo-, or hyperechoic lesions. 🔹 Portal vein dilatation and features of portal hypertension may be present. 🔹 Splenomegaly is a common associated finding. 🔹 Ascites may be seen in advanced liver disease. 🔹 Recanalized paraumbilical vein and portosystemic collaterals suggest portal hypertension. 🔹 Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) should be suspected when a focal liver lesion is identified in a cirrhotic liver. ✨ Classic USG Line: 📡 Liver shows coarse heterogeneous echotexture with irregular nodular surface and altered morphology, associated with portal hypertension features, consistent with chronic liver disease/cirrhosis.

ما هو المركب الكيميائي الحيوي المسؤول عن تلون ملتحمة وصلبة العين بهذا اللون؟ ؛➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ ✅للمتابعة بشكل مستمر  يرجى الإنضمام الى👇 🔻 قناة طب الباطنة👇 https://t.me/InternalMedicine96 🔻قناة أديسون للدورات الطبية👇 https://t.me/AdisonInstitute ..........

Gallbladder Perforation Gallbladder perforation is a serious and potentially life-threatening complication of acute cholecystitis, most commonly occurring when inflammation leads to ischemia, necrosis, and rupture of the gallbladder wall. Pathophysiology Usually develops in patients with untreated or severe acute cholecystitis. Obstruction of the cystic duct by a gallstone increases intraluminal pressure. Reduced blood flow causes wall ischemia and gangrene. The gallbladder eventually ruptures, allowing bile and infected material to leak into the peritoneal cavity. Risk Factors Elderly patients Diabetes mellitus Delayed diagnosis or treatment of acute cholecystitis Immunosuppression Gangrenous or emphysematous cholecystitis Clinical Features Symptoms ✅ Severe, persistent right upper quadrant (RUQ) pain ✅ Fever and chills ✅ Nausea and vomiting ✅ Sudden worsening of abdominal pain after a period of cholecystitis Signs ✅ Marked RUQ tenderness ✅ Guarding and rebound tenderness ✅ Signs of generalized peritonitis if free perforation occurs ✅ Tachycardia, hypotension, and sepsis in severe cases Types (Niemeier Classification) Type I – Acute Free Perforation Perforation into the peritoneal cavity Causes generalized biliary peritonitis Surgical emergency Type II – Subacute Perforation Localized perforation with a pericholecystic abscess Most common type Type III – Chronic Perforation Formation of a cholecystoenteric fistula May lead to gallstone ileus Diagnosis Laboratory Findings Leukocytosis Elevated CRP Possible cholestatic liver enzyme abnormalities Imaging Ultrasound Gallbladder wall thickening Pericholecystic fluid Defect in the gallbladder wall ("hole sign") CT Scan (Most Sensitive) Wall discontinuity Pericholecystic abscess Extraluminal gallstones Free fluid or pneumoperitoneum Management 🚨 Urgent treatment is required Stable Patients Broad-spectrum IV antibiotics Early cholecystectomy Unstable or Septic Patients Resuscitation and IV antibiotics Percutaneous drainage if needed Emergency surgery once stabilized Key Clinical Pearl Unlike uncomplicated cholelithiasis, which causes intermittent biliary colic, gallbladder perforation typically presents with severe persistent pain, systemic toxicity, and signs of peritonitis, requiring urgent surgical intervention. Infographic Summary 🔹 Complication of acute cholecystitis 🔹 Caused by ischemia → gangrene → rupture 🔹 Severe persistent RUQ pain + fever + sepsis 🔹 CT scan is the most sensitive imaging modality 🔹 Requires urgent antibiotics and cholecystectomy 🔹 Free perforation → biliary peritonitis → surgical emergency 🚨 ؛➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ ✅للمتابعة بشكل مستمر  يرجى الإنضمام الى👇 🔻 قناة طب الباطنة👇 https://t.me/InternalMedicine96 🔻قناة أديسون للدورات الطبية👇 https://t.me/AdisonInstitute ..........

🟣 Hepatitis ➟ Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver. → It may be caused by viral infections, alcohol, certain medicines, toxins, autoimmune disease, or other liver injuries. → Some people have mild symptoms, while others may become seriously unwell. 🟣 Common signs and symptoms ➟ Jaundice → The skin and whites of the eyes may turn yellow. ➟ Dark urine → Urine may become tea-coloured or unusually dark. ➟ Pale stool → Stools may appear light, grey, or clay-coloured. ➟ Tiredness and weakness → Persistent fatigue and low energy are common. ➟ Nausea and vomiting → Liver inflammation may cause stomach upset or repeated vomiting. ➟ Loss of appetite → A person may feel less hungry or avoid food. ➟ Upper-right abdominal pain → Pain or discomfort may occur under the right side of the ribs, where the liver is located. ➟ Fever and body aches → Some types of viral hepatitis can cause fever, joint pain, or flu-like symptoms. ➟ Itchy skin → Reduced bile flow may cause persistent itching. 🟣 Prevention ➟ Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B when recommended. → Drink safe water and eat properly prepared food. → Wash hands thoroughly, especially after using the toilet and before eating. → Practise safer sex and avoid sharing needles, razors, or toothbrushes. → Use screened blood and sterile equipment for injections, tattoos, and piercings. → Limit alcohol and use medicines or supplements only as directed. 🟣 When to seek medical help ➟ Seek prompt medical care for yellow skin or eyes, very dark urine, pale stool, severe abdominal pain, repeated vomiting, marked drowsiness, confusion, or abdominal swelling. 🟣 Medical disclaimer This information is for general health awareness only and does not replace professional medical advice. Anyone with persistent symptoms or signs of liver disease should be evaluated by a qualified healthcare professional. ؛➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ ✅للمتابعة بشكل مستمر  يرجى الإنضمام الى👇 🔻 قناة طب الباطنة👇 https://t.me/InternalMedicine96 🔻قناة أديسون للدورات الطبية👇 https://t.me/AdisonInstitute ..........

✅ اليوم الثلاثاء لا نفتتح دبلوماً تدريبياً عادياً بل نبدأ رحلة متقدمة في فهم جذور الأمراض، وتحليل الترابط بين الأنظمة الحيوية للجسم، وصناعة قرارات سريرية أكثر دقة وفاعلية تهانينا لكل طبيب وطبيبة قرر أن يتجاوز مرحلة المقدمات وال Unknown Cause إلى العمق الحقيقي و أدرك أن المستقبل لا يكتفي بعلاج الأعراض ولا بالانظمة والبروتوكولات العلاجية السطحية بل يبحث عن الأسباب الجذرية للمرض قبل أن تتحول إلى مشكلة مزمنة الخطوات الكبيرة تبدأ بقرار واحد... وقرار الالتحاق بدبلوم الطب الوظيفي هو قرار الانتقال من الممارسة التقليدية إلى الممارسة التي تصنع الفرق ومن التعامل مع النتائج إلى البحث عن الأسباب ومن المعرفة العامة إلى العمق السريري الحقيقي👌 "قسم الطب الوظيفي - أكاديمية أديسون للتدريب الطبي Addison Academy For Medical Training" 773138973 , 778919528 ---------------------------- ✅للمهتمين بالطب الوظيفي تابعونا على مجتمع واتساب 👈:  chat.whatsapp.com/I3nXzFyAEKi3a4O9YS6CD5 قناة التلجرام الرئيسية 👈 t.me/AdisonInstitute 📘صفحة الفيسبوك👈: fb.com/AdisonInstitute 🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺🔺

Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) Dosing for Peptic Ulcer Disease 🔹 Standard once-daily dosing (Usually taken 30–60 minutes before breakfast) • Omeprazole — 20 mg once daily • Esomeprazole — 20–40 mg once daily • Pantoprazole — 40 mg once daily • Lansoprazole — 30 mg once daily • Rabeprazole — 20 mg once daily 🔹 Typical treatment duration • Duodenal ulcer → usually 4 weeks • Gastric ulcer → usually 6–8 weeks • NSAID-associated ulcer → about 8 weeks • H. pylori eradication regimens → BID dosing for 10–14 days 🔹 Twice-daily / high-dose PPI therapy Used in: • Refractory ulcers • Severe erosive disease • Zollinger–Ellison syndrome • H. pylori therapy • Post-endoscopic ulcer bleeding Examples: • Pantoprazole 40 mg BID • Esomeprazole 40 mg BID • Omeprazole 20–40 mg BID 🔹 Bleeding peptic ulcer regimen After endoscopic hemostasis: • Pantoprazole 80 mg IV bolus • Then continuous infusion at 8 mg/hour for 72 hours Alternative in selected stable patients: • High-dose oral BID PPI 🔹 Clinical pearls ✅ Best taken before meals ✅ Gastric ulcers often need repeat endoscopy to confirm healing ✅ Always assess for H. pylori ✅ Long-term PPI therapy should have a clear indication ؛➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ ✅للمتابعة بشكل مستمر  يرجى الإنضمام الى👇 🔻 قناة طب الباطنة👇 https://t.me/InternalMedicine96 🔻قناة أديسون للدورات الطبية👇 https://t.me/AdisonInstitute ..........

ARDS vs Cardiogenic Pulmonary Edema – Spot the Difference 🧠 Can you quickly differentiate non-cardiogenic vs cardiogenic pulmonary edema? This high-yield comparison is essential for USMLE, NEET PG, and clinical practice. 👉 Key clue: • Refractory hypoxia with normal heart → ARDS • Heart failure with raised PCWP → Cardiogenic pulmonary edema

🧠 Parkinson’s Disease vs Essential Tremor – Spot the Difference Understand the key clinical differences between Parkinson’s disease and essential tremor in a simple, exam-focused way. This quick comparison helps you identify symptoms, improve diagnosis, and remember high-yield points for exams and practice.

غداً الخميس المكان: النادي الترفيهي

🫀 Think you know where to listen to the heart? Most people get this wrong! Master the 5 key auscultation points every nurse and medical student MUST know 👇 From Aortic to Mitral — this simple layout can instantly level up your clinical skills and help you catch life-saving clues early.