Judiciary Mapping

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_*Limitation Periods*_ 1. The time for filing First Appeal in civil cases is 30 days. 2. The time for filing Second Appeal in civil cases is 60 days. 3. The time for filing civil revision is 90 days. 4. The limitation period for appeal in Capital Punishment is 7 days. 5. The limitation period of appeal from Magistrate to Sessions Court is 30 days. 6. The limitation period of appeal from Sessions Court to High Court is 60 days. 7. The limitation period of appeal from the High Court to the Supreme Court is 30 days. 8. The limitation period of appeal from High Court to Supreme Court in special Leave to Appeal is 30 days. 9. The limitation period of appeal from Magistrate to High Court in acquittal in Challan Case is 30 days and in Complaint Case 60 days. 10. The limitation period of appeal from Sessions Court to High Court in acquittal in Challan Case is 30 days and in Complaint Case 60 days. 11. The limitation period of appeal from High Court when case decide by it in its original jurisdiction and to Division Bench than 20 days in acquittal or conviction as the case may. 12. The Plaintiff has a time of 6 years to file execution. 13. The limitation in civil suits is 3 years from the cause of action. 14. The Article 150 Appeal from death sentence to High Court is 7 days. 15. Article 151. High Court Order on original side, appeal is 20 days. 16. Article 154. Appeal to any Court other than High Court is 30 days. 17. Article 155. Criminal appeal to High Court is 60 days. 18. Article 157. Appeal from acquittal by State is 6 months.

34. *Principle of Collective Responsibility* – All members of the government are unanimous in support of its policies and actions. *(Article 75)* 35. *Principle of Individual Responsibility* – Each minister is responsible to the legislature for every action taken or omitted in his ministry. *(Article 75)* 36. *Sine Die* – Means without any future date being designated. *(Article 85)* 37. *Ad Hoc* – Means for the special purpose. *(Article 127)* 38. *Nunc Pro Tunc* – Means now for then. *(Article 136)* 39. *Stare Decisis* – Means to stand by precedents. *(Article 141)* 40. *Obiter Dicta* – Refers to observations made by a judge which are not essential for decision. (*Article 141)* 41. *Ratio Decidendi* – Means the reason for the decision given by the court. *(Article 141)* 42. *Principle of Consistency of Law* – A division bench ought to follow the earlier decision of a larger bench. *(Article 141)* 43. *Boni Judicis Est Ampliare Jurisdictionem* – Means it is part of a good judge to enlarge his jurisdiction. *(Article 226)* 44. *Theory of Territorial Nexus* – The State Legislature cannot make extra-territorial laws except when there is sufficient connection between the State and the subject matter. *(Article 245)* 45. *Plenary Power of Legislature* – Refers to the absolute power to enact laws, subject to constitutional limits. *(Article 246)* 46. *Ancillary or Incidental Power* – Means power to legislate on incidental or ancillary matters related to the main subject. *(Article 246)* 47. *Doctrine of Pith and Substance* – Used to determine the true nature or object of a legislation. *(Article 246)* 48. *Doctrine of Colorable Legislation* – Means what cannot be done directly cannot be done indirectly. *(Article 246)* 49. *Bona Vacantia* – Refers to goods without an owner. *(Article 296)* 50. *Doctrine of Eminent Domain* – Refers to the right of the State to acquire private property for public use with compensation. *(Article 300A)* 51. *Imperium in Imperio* – Means a sovereignty within a sovereignty. *(Article 324)* 52. *In Foro Conscientiae* – Means in the form of conscience. *(Article 363)* 53. *Doctrine of Basic Structure* – States that the power of amendment cannot be exercised to take away or destroy the basic structure of the Constitution. *(Article 368)*..

📘 *LIST OF DOCTRINES - THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIA* 1. *Ejusdem Generis* – Means of the same kind. *(Article 12)* 2. *Ab Initio* – Means for the very beginning. *(Article 13)* 3. *Doctrine of Judicial Review* – A law is declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court or High Court if it contravenes any of the Fundamental Rights. *(Articles 13, 32, 226)* 4. *Doctrine of Eclipse* – The law which contravenes Fundamental Rights is not void ab initio; it remains in a morbid condition and unenforceable. It is not totally wiped out from the statute book. *(Article 13)* 5. *Doctrine of Severability* – The whole law is not void under Article 13; only that portion which contravenes Fundamental Rights is void, and the rest remains operative. *(Article 13)* 6. *Doctrine of Rule of Law* – It means supremacy of law and absence of arbitrary power. *(Article 14)* 7. *Principle of Reasonable Classification* – Equals cannot be treated unequally and unequals cannot be treated equally. *(Article 14)* 8. *Audi Alteram Partem* – Means no one should be condemned unheard. *(Articles 14, 21, 22)* 9. *Wednesbury Principle* – Used to adjudge the discretion provided to the executive under the statute. *(Article 14)* 10. *Lex Non a Rege Est Violanda* – Means the law must not be violated even by the king. *(Article 14)* 11. *Pari Passu* – Means on equal footing. *(Article 14)* 12. *Rex Quod Injustum Est Facere Non Potest* – Means the king cannot do what is unjust. *(Article 14)* 13. *Principle of Proportionality of Restrictions* – Restrictions should not be arbitrary or beyond what is required for achieving the object. *(Article 19)* 14. *Ex Post Facto* – A law which imposes penalty retrospectively. *(Article 20)* 15. *Double Jeopardy* – No person shall be prosecuted and punished for the same offence more than once. *(Article 20)* 16. *Nemo Debet Bis Vexari Pro Una et Eadem Causa* – Means a man shall not be vexed twice for one and the same cause. *(Article 20)* 17. *Nemobis Punitur Pro Eodem Delicto* – Means no one can be punished twice for the same offence. *(Article 20)* 18. *Autrefois Convict* – Refers to a defendant’s plea that he has already been tried and convicted for the same offence. *(Article 20)* 19. *Nova Constitutio Futuris Formam Imponere Debet, Non Praeteritis* – Means a new law ought to be prospective and not retrospective in operation. *(Article 20)* 20. *Doctrine of Self-Incrimination* – No person accused of any offence shall be compelled to be a witness against himself. *(Article 20)* 21. *Nemo Tenetur Prodere Accusare Seipsum* – Means no man is bound to accuse himself. *(Article 20)* 22. *Nemo Punitur Pro Alieno Delicto* – Means no one is to be punished for the crime or wrong of another. *(Article 20)* 23. *Ubi Jus Ibi Remedium* – Means where there is a right, there is a remedy. *(Article 21)* 24. *Doctrine of Rarest of the Rare* – Death penalty can only be given in rarest of rare cases. *(Article 21)* 25. *Doctrine of Public Trust* – Natural resources like air, water, etc. are meant for general use and cannot be limited by private ownership. *(Article 21)* 26. *Precautionary Principle* – The State and authorities must prevent and attack causes of environmental degradation. *(Article 21)* 27. *Polluter Pays Principle* – One who carries on hazardous activities is liable to make good the loss caused to another. *(Article 21)* 28. *Habeas Corpus* – Means you shall have the body. *(Articles 32, 226)* 29. *Locus Standi* – Refers to the right of a party to bring an action before the court. *(Articles 32, 226)* 30. *Mandamus* – Means we command. *(Articles 32, 226)* 31. *Quo Warranto* – Means by what authority. *(Articles 32, 226)* 32. *Certiorari* – A writ by which a higher court reviews a case tried in a lower court. *(Articles 32, 226)* 33. *Doctrine of Distributive Justice* – Ensures economic justice to minimize inequalities and promote welfare of the people. *(Articles 38, 39)*

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*🛡️Public Accounts Committee(PAC)* ♟️It is a financial parliamentary committee. ♟️It was set up first in 1921 under Government of India act 1919. ♟️It consists of 22 members (15-Lok Sabha , 7- Rajya Sabha). A minister cannot be its member. ♟️The term of office of the members is one year. The members are elected by the Parliament every  year from amongst its members. ♟️Its chairman is appointed by Speaker of LS. *💎FUNCTION :* ♟️To examine the annual audit reports of the CAG. CAG acts as a guide, friend, philosopher of the committee. *💎Limitations :* ♟️It is not concerned with the questions of policy in broader sense. ♟️Its recommendations are advisory and not binding on the ministries. ♟️It conducts a post-mortem examination of accounts.

*A.K. Gopalan v. State of Madras (1950)* – Personal liberty under Article 21. *Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala (1973)* – Basic Structure Doctrine. *I.C. Golaknath v. State of Punjab (1967)* – Amendability of Fundamental Rights. *Maneka Gandhi v. Union of India (1978)* – Expanded the scope of Article 21. *S.R. Bommai v. Union of India (1994)* – Federalism and misuse of Article 356. *Indira Sawhney v. Union of India (1992)* – Reservations and the Mandal Commission. *K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India (2017)* – Right to Privacy. *Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018)* – Decriminalization of homosexuality. *Shayara Bano v. Union of India (2017)* – Triple Talaq invalid. *Minerva Mills v. Union of India (1980)* – Reaffirmed the Basic Structure Doctrine

*🛡️Fast-track Courts* ♟️ *Purpose* Established to address the backlog of criminal cases, especially heinous crimes against women and children. ♟️ *Challenges:* Resource limitations, inefficient investigations, insufficient staff, and limited scope of jurisdiction. ♟️ *Performance* Despite initial increase in functional courts, many states struggle to maintain them due to financial and administrative constraints. ♟️Need for Reform: States must prioritize their operation, ensure necessary resources, improve investigations, and leverage technology. *💎Visual Summary Analysis* ♟️Chart 1: Shows the increasing burden on the judiciary due to the rising number of criminal cases. ♟️Chart 2: Indicates the initial enthusiasm but subsequent decline in the establishment and maintenance of fast-track courts. ♟️Chart 3: Depicts the uneven distribution of functional courts across different states, highlighting the disparity in access to justice.

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*🛡️LEADER OF THE HOUSE OF THE OPPOSITION* ♟️In each House of Parliament, there is the ‘Leader of the Opposition’. The leader of the largest Opposition party having not less than one-tenth seats of the total strength of the House is recognised as the leader of the Opposition in that House. ♟️In a parliamentary system of government, the leader of the opposition has a significant role to play. His main functions are to provide a constructive criticism of the policies of the government and to provide an alternative government. Therefore, the leader of Opposition in the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha were accorded statutory recognition in 1977. ♟️They are also entitled to the salary, allowances and other facilities equivalent to that of a cabinet minister. ♟️It was in 1969 that an official leader of the opposition was recognised for the first time. The same functionary in USA is known as the ‘minority leader’.

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*Russi Fisheries Pvt Ltd v. Bhavna Seth (2026 SC)* 1. Plaintiff filed a suit for specific performance of Agreement to Sell. The suit was decreed and executed. Meanwhile, the defendant executed sale deeds in favour of third party also. SC held that transfers of the suit land made by a defendant during the pendency of the litigation are governed by the principle of _*lis pendens*_ u/S.52 TPA. A transfer pendente lite is neither illegal nor void ab initio but remains subservient to the rights of the parties eventually determined by the court, and must abide by the ultimate decree passed in the litigation. If the decree of specific performance is ultimately maintained and executed via due process, the *sale deeds* executed by the defendants to third parties during the pendency of litigation are held to be *non est*. The land will be said to subject matter of pending litigation *even if the trial court rejected the suit and the suit was decreed only in Appeal*. 2. The adverse presumption, if any, drawn for non-appearing in the witness box by the plaintiff, is a *rebuttal presumption* and if the aforesaid presumption is successfully rebutted by the *other cogent evidence* on record, the said presumption would not be material and applicable.

*🛡️Retired Judge* ♟️At any time, the chief justice of India can request a retired judge of the Supreme Court or a retired judge of a high court (who is duly qualified for appointment as a judge of the Supreme Court) to act as a judge of the Supreme Court for a temporary period. ♟️He can do so only with the previous consent of the president and also of the person to be so appointed. ♟️Such a judge is entitled to such allowances as the president may determine. ♟️He will also enjoy all the jurisdiction, powers and privileges of a judge of Supreme Court. But, he will not otherwise be deemed to be a judge of the Supreme Court.

*🛡️Procedure Of The Court* ♟️The Supreme Court can, with the approval of the president, make rules for regulating generally the practice and procedure of the Court. ♟️The Constitutional cases or references made by the President under Article 143 are decided by a Bench consisting of at least five judges. ♟️All other cases are decided by single judges and division benches. ♟️The judgements are delivered by the open court. All judgements are by majority vote but if differing, then judges can give dissenting judgements or opinions.

*🛡️Governor Vs Lt. Governor Powers* ♟️President is final decision-making authority in case of dispute between LG and cabinet of UT. ♟️In general, Governor of a state has to act solely on the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers, whereas, the LG does not need the approval of the Council of Ministers on every matter. ♟️Unlike Governor which has dual role to play i.e. Constitutional Head of the state as well as agent of the President, LG is not Constitutional head of the UT but only an agent of President. ♟️Chief Ministers of Delhi and Puducherry are appointed by the President and not by LG, whereas the Chief Ministers of states are appointed by the Governor. ♟️CM give resignation to LG and not to Presiden *Hit 👍🏻❤️👌🏻 To Appreciate Our Consistent Efforts*

*::::::::::PREAMBLE::::::::::* WE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a SOVEREIGN SOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC[1] and to secure to all its citizens: JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them all FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the [unity and integrity of the Nation[2]; IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT, ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.

*🛡️Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG)* ♟️The Comptroller and Auditor General is appointed by the President of India and can be removed from office only in the manner and on the grounds that a Judge of the Supreme Court is removed. ♟️The person appointed to this office should take an oath of office before the President or any other person appointed by the office of the President. ♟️The salary, service conditions, leaves of absence, pension and age of retirement are determined by the Parliament of India and specified in the Second Schedule such that the service conditions and salary will not be modified to the disadvantage of the incumbent during their tenure. ♟️The CAG is not eligible for any further office after the end of their tenure either in the Government of India or any State Government. ♟️The administrative expenses of the office of CAG, including salaries, allowances and pensions serving in that office are charged up on the Consolidated Fund of India.Thus they are not subjected to the vote of Parliament.