NEET VIDEO LECTURES

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Hey future Doctors 🏥, You’ve cried, revised, and survived. Now it’s showtime. 5 Days left — no backing out. Are you REALLY revising or just scrolling? Comment #iwilldoit if you're locked in Let’s see who’s actually cooking for NEET 2025! Let’s finish STRONG. You got this. ⚔️📚🔥

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Syllabus for NEET (UG) 2025 Examination – reg.

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NTA Released Final Answer Key For NEET 2024 Just A Short While Ago 👍

Wishing all the NEET aspirants the best of luck! Your hard work and dedication will pay off in the end. Keep your head held high and stay confident.

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♦️Genomics and Human Genome project: (1) The term genome has been introduced by Winkler in 1920 and the genomics is relatively new, coined by Thomas Rodericks in 1986. (2) Genomics is the subdiscipline of genetics devoted to the mapping, sequencing and functional analysis of genomes. Genomics is subdivided into following types: (a) Structural genomics: It is the study of genome structure deals with the complete nucleotide sequences of the organisms. (b) Functional genomics: It is the study of genome function which includes transcriptome and proteome. Transcriptome is a complete set of RNAs transcribed from a genome while proteome is a complete set of proteins encoded by a genome and aims the determination of the structure and function of all the proteins in living organisms. (3) The human genome project, sometimes called “biology’s moon shot”, was launched on october 1, 1990 for sequencing the entire human genome of 2.75 billion (2.75 ´ 109 or 2750000 bp or 2750000 kilobase pairs or 2750 megabase pairs) nucleotide pairs. (4) Two important scientist associated with human genome are Francis Collins, director of the Human Genome Project and J. Craig Venter, founding president of Celera genomics. (5) The complete sequencing of the first human chromosome, small chromosome 22, was published in December 1999. Prospects and implications of human genome: (1) The genome project is being compared to the discovery of antibiotics. (2) Efforts are in progress to determine genes that will revert cancerous cells to normal. (3) The human genome sequencing not only holds promise for a healthier living. It also holds the prospects of vast database of knowledge about designer drugs, genetically modified diets and finally our genetic identity.

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Notes on Molecular Basis of Inheritance DNA (1) DNA is a long polymer of deoxyribonucleotides. (2) The length of the DNA depends on the number of nucleotide pairs present in it. (3) Bacteriophage lambda has 48,502 base pairs. Central dogma of molecular biology (1) Crick proposed the Central dogma in molecular biology (2) It states that the genetic information flows from DNA à RNA à Protein. (3) In some viruses like retroviruses, the flow of information is in reverse direction, which is from RNA à DNA à mRNA à Protein. Structure of polynucleotide chain: (1) A nucleotide has three components- (a) A nitrogen base (b) A pentose sugar (ribose in RNA and deoxyribose in DNA) (c) A phosphoric acid. (2) There are two types of nitrogen bases: (a) Purines (Adenine and Guanine) (b) Pyrimidines (Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine) (3) Adenine, Guanine and Cytosine are common in RNA and DNA. (4) Uracil is present in RNA and in DNA in place of Uracil, Thymine is present. (5) In RNA, Pentose sugar is ribose and in DNA, it is Deoxyribose. (6) Based on the nature of pentose sugar, two types of nucleosides are formed - ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleotides. (7) Two nucleotides are joined by 3’-5’ Phosphodiester linkage to form dinucleotide. (8) More than two nucleotides join to form polynucleotide chain. (9) The two strands of DNA (called DNA duplex) are antiparallel and complementary, i.i., one in 5’->3’ direction and the other in 3”->5” direction. History of DNA (1) DNA is an acidic substance in the nucleus. (2) It was first identified by Friedrich Meischer in 1869. He named it as ‘Nuclein” (3) In 1953 double helix structure of DNA was given by James Watson and Francis Crick, based on X-ray diffraction data produced Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin. Packaging of DNA Helix (1) The basic unit into which DNA is packed in the chromatin of eukaryotes. (2) Nucleosome is the basic repeating structural (and functional) unit of chromatin, which contains nine histone proteins. (3) Distance between two conjugative base pairs is 0.34nm (4) The length of the DNA in a typical mammalian cell will be 6.6 X109 bp X 0.34 X10-9 /bp, it comes about 2.2 meters. (5) The length of DNA is more than the dimension of a typical nucleus (10-6m) DNA Replication (1) DNA is the only molecule capable of self duplication so it is termed as a living molecule. (2) All living beings have the capacity to reproduce because of DNA. (3) DNA replication takes place in S-phase of the cell cycle. At the time of cell division, it divides in equal parts in the daughter cells. (4) Delbruck suggested three methods of DNA replication i.e. (i) Dispersive (ii) Conservative (iii) Semi-conservative (5) The process of DNA replication takes a few minutes in prokaryotes and a few hours in eukaryotes. RNA (1) RNA is the first genetic material. (2) RNA is a non hereditary nucleic acid except in some viruses (retroviruses). (3) RNA used to act as a genetic material as well as catalyst. (4) It is a polymer of ribonucleotide and is made up of pentose ribose sugar, phosphoric acid and nitrogenous base (A,U,G,C). (5) RNA may be of two types – genetic and non-genetic.

🧩Revision Notes on Inheritance and Variation🧩 ➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖➖ ✍️Exceptions of Conclusions of Mendel ♦️Incomplete Dominance (1) When neither of the alleles of a character is completely dominant over the other and the F1 hybrid is intermediate between the two parents, the phenomenon is called incomplete dominance. (2) Incomplete dominance was first discovered by Correns in Mirabilis jalapa. The plant is called as 4’O clock plant or ‘Gul-e-Bans’. Homozygous red (RR) flowered variety of the plant was crossed with white (rr) flowered variety. F1 offspring had pink flowers (Rr). This is called incomplete dominance. (3) Incomplete dominance is also known to occur in snapdragon. The phenotypic ratio and genotypic ratio in F2 generation in case of incomplete dominance is 1:2:1. ♦️Co-dominance (1) In co-dominance both the gene expressed for a particular character in F1 hybrid progeny. There is no blending of characters, whereas both the characters are expressed equally. (2) Co-dominance is seen in animals for coat colour. When a black parent is crossed with white parent, a roan color in F1 progeny is produced. ♦️Sex determination: (1) Fixing the sex of an individual as it begins life is called sex determination. The various genetically controlled sex-determination mechanisms have been classified into following categories (2) Chromosomal theory of sex determination: The X-chromosome was first observed by German biologist, Henking in 1891 during the spermatogenesis in male bug and was described as X-body. The chromosome theory of sex determination was worked out by E.B. Wilson and Stevens (1902-1905). (3) They named the X and Y chromosomes as sex-chromosomes or allosomes and other chromosomes of the cell as autosomes. (4) Sex chromosomes carry genes for sex. X-chromosomes carries female determining genes and Y-chromosomes has male determining genes. (5) The number of X and Y chromosomes determines the female or male sex of the individual, Autosomes carry genes for the somatic characters. These do not have any relation with the sex. ♦️Sex Determination by chromosomes: Those chromosomes which are involved in the determination of sex of an individual are called sex chromosomes while the other chromosomes are called autosomes. 1) XX – XY type: In most insects including fruit fly Drosophila and mammals including human beings the females possess two homomorphic sex chromosomes, named XX. The males contain two heteromorphic sex chromosomes, i.e., XY. Hence the males produce two types of gametes / sperms, either with X-chromosome or with Y-chromosome, so they are called Heterogamety. 2) ZZ – ZW type: In birds and some reptiles, the males are represented as ZZ (homogamety) and females are ZW (heterogamety). 3) XX – XO type: In round worms and some insects, the females have two sex chromosomes, XX, while the males have only one sex chromosomes X. There is no second sex chromosome. Therefore, the males are designated as XO. The females are homogametic because they produce only one type of eggs. The males are heterogametic with half the male gametes carrying X-chromosome while the other half being devoid of it.

NEET UG 2024 Live Updates: NTA today (Feb 9) started the application process for the NEET UG 2024.

💥Important Points of NCERT 💥 : 🌟 1. National Botanical Garden, Lucknow. National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI) is located in National Botanical Garden. 🌟2. Forest Botanical Garden, Dehradun - Forest Research Institute (FRI)is located in Forest Botanical Garden. 🌟3. Lloyd Botanical Garden – Darjeeling. 🌟 4. CDRI - Central Drug Research Institute - Lucknow 🌟 5. CAZRI - Central Arid Zone Reserch Institute - Jodhpur 🌟6. CIMAP - Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants - Lucknow 🌟7. IARI - Indian Agriculture Research Inst. (Pusa Inst.) - New Delhi 🌟 8. Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany (National inst. of paleobotany) - Lucknow