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Types of SMA 1)ScreeningCarrier Screening: Done for couples planning a pregnancy or currently expecting to see if both carry a faulty SMN1 gene. If both partners are carriers, there is a 1 in 4 chance per pregnancy of an affected child. 2)Newborn Screening: A quick heel-prick test done on newborns to catch SMA early. Early treatment can protect muscle function and improve health outcomes. 3)Diagnostic Testing: Used for infants or children showing muscle weakness to confirm if they have SMA and check SMN2 gene copy numbers, which help predict how severe the disease may be.

The severity of symptoms in Ebstein anomaly is quite variable: Neonates with severe tricuspid regurgitation can present with massive right atrial enlargement (resulting in a “wall-to-wall” heart on chest x-ray) and cyanosis from a combination of decreased RV ejection and right-to-left shunting at the atrial level; in mild forms of Ebstein anomaly, patients may be asymptomatic.

All dental procedures that involve manipulation of gingival tissue or perforation of the oral mucosa require SBE prophylaxis. SBE prophylaxis is also recommended for respiratory procedures that involve incision or biopsy of the respiratory mucosa including:…

All dental procedures that involve manipulation of gingival tissue or perforation of the oral mucosa require SBE prophylaxis. SBE prophylaxis is also recommended for respiratory procedures that involve incision or biopsy of the respiratory mucosa including: tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, or bronchoscopy with biopsy. Most patients receive prophylaxis with oral amoxicillin (50 mg/kg; maximum of 2 g) 1 hour prior to a dental, oral, or surgical procedure of the upper respiratory tract. Procedures/Events/Situations that do not require SBE prophylaxis include: • Trauma to the lips/oral mucosa • Adjustment of orthodontic appliances • History of Kawasaki disease or rheumatic fever • Cardiac pacemaker or implantable defibrillator • Procedures performed upon the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., inguinal hernia repair) or genitourinary tract (e.g., cystoscopy) • Vaginal or cesarean delivery • Board Testing Point

The more common autosomal dominant form of LQTS, the Romano-Ward syndrome, is only associated with episodes of torsades, whereas the autosomal recessive form, the Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, is far less common and is also associated with sensorineural deafness.

Vascular rings and slings

SLE vs drug induced lupus

ECG changes in CHD

Crochetage sign in ASD secondum

The American Heart Association made changes to its recommendations for IE prophylaxis in 2007. The guidelines recommend prophylaxis for: 1)prosthetic cardiac valves, 2)previous IE 3)unrepaired cyanotic congenital heart disease (including palliative shunts…

The ductus arteriosus normally closes “functionally” within 10–15 hours after birth, but complete anatomic closure may not occur for 3 weeks. Closure occurs by constriction of smooth muscle in the ductus arteriosus. Premature infants (weighing < 1,750 g) have clinically apparent PDA ~ 40–70% of the time. Most feel that PDA is caused by the inability of the ductus arteriosus in premature infants to respond normally to both the increased oxygen tensions and to the changes in prostaglandin levels that occur at birth.