EGQ LIFE SCIENCE

Complete Microbiology PYQs from 2010 to 2024.

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🔴 GATE Microbiology ka sirf 2024 ka paper hi baaki hai, jo aaj complete ho jayega.

✅ TRANSLOCATION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS: (Important concept) • Translocation is a crucial step during the elongation phase of protein synthesis. It involves the movement of the mRNA and the peptidyl-tRNA (the tRNA carrying the growing peptide chain) by one codon through the ribosome. • This movement shifts the tRNA from the A site (aminoacyl site) to the P site (peptidyl site) and the empty tRNA from the P site to the E site (exit site), making the A site available for the next aminoacyl-tRNA. • Role of GTP and EF-G in E. coli: • In E. coli, translocation requires the elongation factor G (EF-G) and the hydrolysis of GTP (guanosine triphosphate). • EF-G binds to the ribosome and, upon GTP hydrolysis, undergoes a conformational change that drives the translocation process, moving the mRNA and tRNAs to their new positions. • In Vitro Translocation: • Interestingly, in vitro studies have shown that translocation can occur without GTP and EF-G. This suggests that the ribosome itself has an inherent ability to facilitate translocation, although this process is significantly slower and less efficient compared to in vivo conditions.

✅ ACTION POTENTIAL (Important) 1. Resting State: - Charge Difference: At rest, the inside of a neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside. This resting potential is about -70 mV. - Ion Distribution: There's more sodium Na+ outside the neuron and more potassium K+ inside. 2. Stimulus and Threshold: - Threshold: A stimulus (like a signal from another neuron) can cause this charge to become less negative. - Reaching Threshold: If the change is strong enough to reach a threshold (about -55 mV), it triggers an action potential. 3. Depolarization: - Sodium Channels Open: Once the threshold is hit, special channels for Na+ open up, allowing sodium to rush into the cell. - Charge Reversal: This influx makes the inside of the cell more positive, flipping the charge difference. 4. Peak: - Maximum Positivity: The inside becomes very positive, up to +30 mV. 5. Repolarization: - Sodium Channels Close, Potassium Opens: Sodium channels close, and potassium channels open, letting K+ flow out. - Returning to Negative: The outflow of K+ makes the inside negative again. 6. Hyperpolarization: - Temporary Excess Outflow: Sometimes too much potassium leaves, making it more negative than the resting state. This is temporary. 7. Refractory Period: - Recovery Time: During this period, the inactivated sodium channels cannot be reopened, preventing any new action potential from being initiated. - Restoring Resting State: Ion pumps work to restore the balance, bringing everything back to the resting potential.

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I’ve started uploading microbiology PYQs. From now on, I’ll include image explanations for questions that need them. I hope you find this helpful! 😊

A new update for the EGQ Life Science application is now available on the Play Store! This update includes important bug fixes and added new features to enhance your experience. https://bit.ly/EGQLIFESCIENCE

I will first upload the microbiology PYQs because many students are interested, followed by the zoology PYQs, and finally, the botany PYQs..😊

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⚠️ App mein question ke photos abhi small dikh rahe hain, lekin yeh issue 3-4 din mein resolve ho jayega.

🔴 GATE XL Biochemistry ke previous year questions (PYQ's) 2010 se 2024 tak app mein topic-wise upload ho chuke hain, aur wo bhi detailed explanation ke sath. https://bit.ly/EGQLIFESCIENCE