IB ACIO II 2026 🎯

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🇮🇳 Sources of the Constitution of India . The Constitution was adopted on 26 November 1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950. 🔷 1️⃣ United Kingdom India borrowed many parliamentary features from the UK. 📌 Borrowed Features: Parliamentary system of government Rule of Law Cabinet system Office of Prime Minister Bicameral legislature Single citizenship Legislative procedure 👉 Most important source for Indian Constitution. 🔷 2️⃣ United States 📌 Borrowed Features: Fundamental Rights Written Constitution Independence of Judiciary Judicial Review Impeachment of President Removal of Supreme Court judges Vice-President’s office 🔷 3️⃣ Ireland 📌 Borrowed Features: Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) Method of election of President Nomination of members to Rajya Sabha 🔷 4️⃣ Canada 📌 Borrowed Features: Federal system with strong Centre Residuary powers with Centre Appointment of State Governors by Centre 🔷 5️⃣ Australia 📌 Borrowed Features: Concurrent List Freedom of trade and commerce Joint sitting of two Houses 🔷 6️⃣ Germany 📌 Borrowed Features: Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency 🔷 7️⃣ South Africa 📌 Borrowed Features: Procedure for Constitutional Amendment Election of Rajya Sabha members 🔷 8️⃣ France 📌 Borrowed Features: Ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity 🔷 9️⃣ Japan 📌 Borrowed Feature: Procedure established by law (Article 21 concept) 🔷 🔟 Government of India Act 👉 This is the most important source. 📌 Borrowed Features: Federal scheme Office of Governor Public Service Commission Emergency provisions Administrative details About 75% of the Constitution structure was taken from this Act.

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ExamNotifi_CAPF_AC_Exam_2026_Eng_20022026.pdf🚀UPSC CAPF( ASSISTANT COMMANDANTS) 2026 DETAILED NOTIFICATION advt 08/26 🚀 APPLY ONLINE 20FEB- 12 MAR 2026 🚀TOTAL 349 🚀 Graduate 🚀 https://upsc.gov.in/sites/default/files/ExamNotifi_CAPF_AC_Exam_2026_Eng_20022026.pdf 🚀 https://www.upsc.gov.in/whats-new 🚀 🚀 APPLY ONLINE https://upsconline.nic.in/upsc/OTRP/

https://youtu.be/TJ2hm3X8AtM?si=0H76tHb0sbjFQr0_

vacancy_notice_jja_0.pdf 𝗗𝗲𝗹𝗵𝗶 𝗛𝗶𝗴𝗵 𝗖𝗼𝘂𝗿𝘁 𝗝𝘂𝗻𝗶𝗼𝗿 𝗝𝘂𝗱𝗶𝗰𝗶𝗮𝗹 𝗔𝘀𝘀𝗶𝘀𝘁𝗮𝗻𝘁 (𝗝𝗝𝗔) 𝗥𝗲𝗰𝗿𝘂𝗶𝘁𝗺𝗲𝗻𝘁 𝗡𝗼𝘁𝗶𝗳𝗶𝗰𝗮𝘁𝗶𝗼𝗻 𝗢𝘂𝘁 ● Total Post : 152 ● Qualification : Graduate ● Age Limit : 18 - 32 Years ● Apply Dates : 04 Feb - 23 Feb ● Salary : ₹ 72000/- Approx ● Application Fee ● Gen/OBC/EWS : ₹ 1500/- ● SC/ST/Female : ₹ 1300/-

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🔰 Important Battles in Indian History 🔰 ============================== 🔹Battle of Haldighati - 1576 A.D.➨ Akbar's forces headed by Raja Man Singh and Asaf Khan defeated Rana Pratap. Rana Pratap refused to surrender to the Mughal Power. 🔹Battle of Karnal - 1739 A.D.➨ Nadir Shah defeated Mohd. Shah. 🔹Battle of Plassey - 1757 A.D.➨ Lord Clive defeated Siraj-ud-Daula. 🔹Battle of Wandiwash - 1760 A.D.➨ The English forces defeated the French forces. 🔹Third Battle of Panipat - 1761 A.D.➨ Ahmed Shah Abdali defeated the Marathas. 🔹Battle of Buxar - 1764 A.D.➨ The English forces defeated the alliance of Nawab Mir Qasim of Bengal, Nawab Shuja-ud-daula of Awadh and Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. 🔹First Anglo Mysore War - (1767-69 A.D.)➨ Hyder Ali defeated the English forces. 🔹Second Anglo Mysore War - (1780-84 A.D.)➨ Hyder Ali died in the battle (1782) and subsequently led by his son Tipu Sultan. The war concluded with the Treaty of Mangalore (1784). 🔹Third Anglo Mysore War - (1789-92 A.D.)➨ The English forces defeated Tipu Sultan. Treaty of Srirangapatnam was signed. 🔹Fourth Anglo Mysore War - 1799 A.D.➨ Tipu Sultan was defeated and killed by the English forces. 🔹Battle of Hydaspeas - 326 B.C.➨ Alexander defeated Porus. 🔹Kalinga War - 261 B.C.➨ Ashoka defeated Kalinga. 🔹First Battle of Tarain - 1191 A.D.➨ Prithvi Raj Chauhan defeated Mohammed Ghori. 🔹Second Battle of Tarain - 1192 A.D.➨ Mohammad Ghori defeated Prithvi Raj Chauhan. 🔹Battle of Chandawar - 1193 or 1194➨ Muhammad Ghori defeated Jaichandra Gaharwar. 🔹First Battle of Panipat - 1526 A.D.➨ Babar defeated Ibrahim Lodi. 🔹Battle of Khanwa - 1527 A.D.➨ Babar defeated Rana Sanga. 🔹Battle of Ghaghra - 1529 A.D.➨ Babar defeated Mahmud Lodhi and Sultan Nusrat Shah. 🔹Battle of Chausa - 1539 A.D.➨ Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan) defeated Humayun. 🔹Battle of Kannauj (or Bilgram) - 1540 A.D.➨ Sher Shah Suri (Sher Khan) defeated Humayun. 🔹Second Battle of Panipat - 1556 A.D.➨ Bairam Khan (representing Mughal Emperor Akbar) defeated Hemu. 🔹Battle of Talikota - 1565 A.D.➨ Ahmednagar, Bijapur, Golkonda and Bidar formed alliance and defeated the Vijaynagar empire.

📌 🔬 PERIODIC TABLE – IMPORTANT CONCEPTS (EXAM ORIENTED) 1️⃣ Modern Periodic Law 👉 The physical and chemical properties of elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers. ✔️ Arranged in increasing atomic number ❌ Not on atomic mass (old law) 2️⃣ Structure of Periodic Table Periods → Horizontal rows (7 periods) Groups → Vertical columns (18 groups) Part Meaning Period Number of shells Group Number of valence electrons (s & p block) 3️⃣ Blocks of Periodic Table (VERY IMPORTANT) Based on valence orbital Block Groups Elements s-block 1–2 Alkali & Alkaline earth metals p-block 13–18 Non-metals, metalloids d-block 3–12 Transition metals f-block Inner transition metals 👉 Lanthanides (57–71) 👉 Actinides (89–103) 4️⃣ Group-wise Important Facts (Most Asked) 🔹 Group 1 – Alkali Metals Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs ✔️ Soft, highly reactive ✔️ Valency = 1 ✔️ Stored in kerosene 🔹 Group 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals Be, Mg, Ca ✔️ Valency = 2 ✔️ Harder than alkali metals 🔹 Group 17 – Halogens F, Cl, Br, I ✔️ Non-metals ✔️ Valency = 1 ✔️ Very reactive 🔹 Group 18 – Noble Gases He, Ne, Ar ✔️ Zero valency ✔️ Inert gases ✔️ Monoatomic 5️⃣ Periodic Trends (EXAM FAVORITE ⭐) 🔺 Atomic Size Increases ↓ group Decreases → period 🔺 Metallic Character Increases ↓ group Decreases → period 🔺 Non-metallic Character Decreases ↓ group Increases → period 🔺 Ionization Energy Decreases ↓ group Increases → period 🔺 Electronegativity Highest → Fluorine (F) Increases → period Decreases ↓ group 6️⃣ Valency Rules Group 1 → Valency 1 Group 2 → Valency 2 Group 13 → Valency 3 Group 14 → Valency 4 Group 15 → Valency 3/5 Group 16 → Valency 2 Group 17 → Valency 1 Group 18 → Valency 0 7️⃣ Metals, Non-metals & Metalloids Metals → Left side Non-metals → Right side Metalloids → Zig-zag line (B, Si, Ge, As) 8️⃣ Hydrogen – Special Case ⚠️ ✔️ Atomic number = 1 ✔️ Resembles Group 1 & Group 17 ✔️ Placed separately 9️⃣ Most Important One-Liners (Rapid Revision) ✔️ He is the lightest noble gas ✔️ Cs is the most reactive metal ✔️ F is the most electronegative element ✔️ Na is essential for nerve impulse ✔️ Ca is important for bones 🔟 Exam Tips 🎯 Questions mostly from trends + groups Remember F, Cs, He special properties Valency & blocks are high-scoring

📘 PREPOSITION – IMPORTANT GRAMMAR RULES 🔹 RULE 1: AT / ON / IN (Time) At → exact time On → day & date In → month, year, long period ✔ at 6 am ✔ on Sunday / on 15 August ✔ in July / in 2026 ❌ in 5 pm ✔ at 5 pm 🔹 RULE 2: AT / ON / IN (Place) At → point On → surface In → enclosed area ✔ at the door ✔ on the table ✔ in the room 📌 Trick: Point–Surface–Space 🔹 RULE 3: BETWEEN vs AMONG Between → two persons/things Among → more than two ✔ between Ram and Shyam ✔ among students 🔹 RULE 4: TO vs INTO To → direction Into → movement inside ✔ go to school ✔ jump into the river 🔹 RULE 5: BY vs WITH By → agent / transport With → instrument ✔ written by him ✔ cut with a knife ✔ go by bus 🔹 RULE 6: SINCE vs FOR Since → point of time For → period of time ✔ since 2020 ✔ for five years 🔹 RULE 7: FROM vs SINCE From → starting point (with to/till) Since → starting time (perfect tense) ✔ from Monday to Friday ✔ since Monday 🔹 RULE 8: DURING vs FOR During → when something happens For → how long ✔ during the match ✔ for two hours 🔹 RULE 9: BESIDE vs BESIDES Beside → next to Besides → in addition to ✔ sit beside me ✔ besides English, he teaches Hindi 🔹 RULE 10: IN SPITE OF vs DESPITE Both mean “although” ✔ in spite of rain ✔ despite his poverty 📌 No of after despite 🔹 RULE 11: BECAUSE OF vs DUE TO Because of → verb Due to → noun ✔ He was late because of rain ✔ The delay was due to rain 🔹 RULE 12: NO PREPOSITION BEFORE THESE WORDS home, here, there, upstairs, downstairs ✔ go home ❌ go to home 🔹 RULE 13: DISCUSS / ENTER / ORDER (No Preposition) ❌ discuss about ❌ enter into ❌ order for ✔ discuss the matter ✔ enter the room ✔ order tea 🔹 RULE 14: VERB + FIXED PREPOSITION Verb Preposition depend on listen to believe in wait for belong to 🔹 RULE 15: ADJECTIVE + PREPOSITION Adjective Preposition fond of proud of afraid of angry with good at 🔹 RULE 16: PREPOSITION AT SENTENCE END (Correct) ✔ This is the boy I talked to ✔ Whom are you waiting for? 🔹 RULE 17: IN / ON with Vehicles ✔ in a car ✔ on a bus / train / plane 🔹 RULE 18: TILL vs UNTIL Both correct (Until slightly formal) ✔ till Monday ✔ until Monday 🔹 RULE 19: ABOUT vs ON About → general On → specific / formal ✔ book about history ✔ lecture on history 🔹 RULE 20: WITH vs WITHOUT ✔ tea with sugar ✔ man without fear ⭐ EXAM MEMORY TRICK Good at – Afraid of – Interested in – Depend on – Married to

_30 WORDS THAT NEVER TAKE FIXED PREPOSITIONS ⚠️ These words are used directly with an object or clause, without any preposition. 📘 VERBS (Most Important) Discuss ❌ discuss about the issue ✅ discuss the issue Order ❌ order for food ✅ order food Request ❌ request for help ✅ request help Enter ❌ enter into the room ✅ enter the room Reach ❌ reach to the station ✅ reach the station Mention ❌ mention about the problem ✅ mention the problem Describe ❌ describe about the event ✅ describe the event Resemble ❌ resemble with father ✅ resemble father Marry ❌ marry with her ✅ marry her Lack ❌ lack of money (verb) ✅ lack money 📘 MORE COMMON EXAM TRAPS Emphasize ❌ emphasize on rules ✅ emphasize rules Explain ❌ explain about the rule ✅ explain the rule Highlight ❌ highlight on issue ✅ highlight issue Demand ❌ demand for justice ✅ demand justice Comprise ❌ comprise of five members ✅ comprise five members 📘 DAILY USE + EXAM USE Accompany ❌ accompany with me ✅ accompany me Face ❌ face with problems ✅ face problems Follow ❌ follow to the rules ✅ follow the rules Oppose ❌ oppose to the plan ✅ oppose the plan Obey ❌ obey to the law ✅ obey the law 📘 HIGH-SCORING WORDS Inform ❌ inform about him ✅ inform him Attack ❌ attack on enemy ✅ attack the enemy Control ❌ control on anger ✅ control anger Approach ❌ approach to teacher ✅ approach the teacher Join ❌ join in the company ✅ join the company 📘 LAST 5 (VERY COMMON MISTAKES) Answer ❌ answer to the question ✅ answer the question Consider ❌ consider about the case ✅ consider the case Consult ❌ consult with doctor ✅ consult a doctor Afford ❌ afford for car ✅ afford a car Stress ❌ stress on grammar ✅ stress grammar 🧠 GOLDEN RULE (EXAM TRICK) 👉 If the verb already has complete meaning, 👉 DO NOT add a preposition._

President

Constitution bodies

Judicial system

President of India

Writs of constitution