سراج - لجنةُ كليّة الصيدلة

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#البوست_الشامل #أدوية_بدون_وصفة_طبية السّلام عليكم جهزنالكم البوست الشامل لامتحان ميد ال OTC معلومات الامتحان : ◽️ يوم الاثنين 8/3 من ال 4 لل 5 ◽️القاعة NB72 ◽️ الامتحان ورقي لكن رح يكون MCQs ◽️المادّة الداخلة في الامتحان: 🔸self care 🔸fever 🔸common cold 🔸cough ■ سلايدات المادّة : https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1v0iSArfignyiZJ8p0uVortW52soTRB03 🔻والدكتورة نزلت على ال e-learning ملف للجداول والصور المحذوفة ■ تفاريغ اللـجنة القديمة ( ما دققناهم هذا الفصل ) https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1ofQtHEZku4uM-5mGwZLp17ZblldleS3R ■نوتات من دفعة صمود : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1SZhutxMgOu3vVRPPsSZryxJPTm_hws5K/view?usp=drivesdk ■ أسئلة سنوات قديمة : https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q4eIlLjFEz5FnLLLxr3b3QfdGdi_IdSW/view?usp=drivesdk بالتوفيق 🤍 فالكم الفل يا رب #لجنة_كليـة_الصـيدلة #الـمـكتـب_الأكـاديـمـيّ

4- Dialysis - urea diffuses across dialysis 25. cyctatin c excreted by : a. glumerular filtration b. tubular secretion ans: a 26. conc of cyctatin influenced by : a. sex b. muscle mass c. gender d. none ans : d 27. conc of cyctatin increased in : a. malignancy b. hyperthyroidism c. treatment with corticosteroids d. all ans : d 28. eGFR calculated by : a. serum creatinine concentration b. urea creatinine concentration c. cystatin c d. a+c ans: a+c 29. the protein can be detected by dipstick testing when its : a. less than 300 mg b. larger than 300mg c. eqal 150 mg ans : b 30. the proteinurea can be detected by dipstick when its conc (150-300mg) OR (3-30 ACR) : a. true b. false ans: b 31. ragarding to hematuria , the RBCs have abnormal morphology in : a. glumerular damaged b. urinary tract injury c. proximal injury ans: a

1. which of the following isn’ta function of kidney:         a. urin formation         b. hormone synthesis        c. maintain ECF volume         d.  absorb vitamin D ans: d 2. the liquid that presence in the renal tubules called (pass the glumeruli ) :          a. palsma           b. blood           c. ultrafiltrate           d. normal saline ans : c 3. the layer in the glumeruli that impermeable to RBCs is :        a. basement membrane         b. capillary endothelial         c. epithelial ans : b 4. the closest layer of glumeruli to the nephron is :          a. basement membrane         b. capillary endothelial         c. epithelial ans: c 5. the layer that impermeable to substances larger than 68 kDa is :          a. basement membrane         b. capillary endothelial         c. epithelial ans: a 6. the glumerular filtrate similar to plasma in everything:         a. true         b. false ans: b 7. to make a passive process in filtration :       a. BP=HP        b. BP>HP        c. BP<HP ans : b 8. the glucose reabsorbed frome :        a. glumeruli         b. proximal         c. distal         d. henle ans: b 9. most of Na reabsorbed from :         a. glumeruli         b. proximal         c. distal         d. henle ans : b 10. the mechanism of reabsorbtion from proximal tubule is :         a. passive         b. energy dependent         c. facilitated diffusion ans: b 11. the mechanism of Na Cl reabsorbed frome descending limb is :         a. active transport         b. facilitated diffusion         c. counter-current ans: c 12. which of the following doesn’t cross the ascending limb :         a. Na         b. Cl         c. water         d. a+b ans: c 13. Fluid entering the distal tubule  in comparison with glomerular filtrate is :         a. hypotonic         b. hypertonic        c. isotonic ans : a 14. at the collecting duct the water is reabsorbed by :         a. ADH         b. regarding the osmolality         c. active transport          d. a+b ans : d 15.  If the GFR is 50- 60ml/min , the patient has :       a. moderate RF       b. sever RF       c. mild RF ans: a 16. through biochemical investigation to estimate GFR , Measuring the urinary excretion of a substance that is completely filtered from the blood & is not secreted, reabsorbed or metabolized by renal tubules is :      a. clearance      b. palsma creatinine      c. palsam urea      d. plasma Cyctatin C ans :a 17. the endogenous substance that is used in clearance is :         a. inulin         b. creatinine         c. cyctatin c ans : b 18. The most reliable simple biochemical test of glomerular function :              a. clearance      b. palsma creatinine      c. palsam urea      d. plasma Cyctatin C ans: b 19. normal plasma creatinine conc means normal renal function:         a. true         b. false ans : b 20. GFR can decrease by 50% before plasma [Creatinine] rises beyond the normal range :           a. true         b. false ans: a 21. conc of creatinine can increase after starvation:           a. true         b. false ans: b 22. it is less reliable indicator of renal glomerular function than creatinine (but it is good indicator with creatinine)       a. clearance      b. palsma creatinine      c. palsam urea      d. plasma Cyctatin C ans : c 23. note: causes of increased palsma urea :                     1- High protein intake.        2- Gl bleeding (blood meal → absorption of                            a.as & peptides )  3- Hypercatabolic state -⬆️ protein membrane Catabolism    4- Dehydration ➡️ increases urea tubular reabsorption as a result of decreased urine flow      5- Urinary stasis (renal stone, prostate enlargement) → back-pressure on tubules enhances back diffusion of urea 6- Muscle wasting➡️ ⬆️protein catabolism 24. note : causes of decreased palsma urea :        1- Low protein intake       2- Severe liver disease impaired urea synthesis      3- Water retention (dilution) -e.g. TADH secretion

44)What may cause hypokalemia related to cellular incorporation of potassium (K+)? A) Hypoglycemia b) Rapidly proliferating leukemic cells C) Hypercalcemia D) Increased potassium intake Answer:  b) Rapidly proliferating leukemic cells 45)Which condition is most likely to cause hypokalemia due to prolonged deficient potassium intake? A) Chronic & severe malnutrition b) Hyperaldosteronism C) Diabetes mellitus D) Excessive potassium intake Answer:  A) Chronic & severe malnutrition 46)What is a common cause of excessive potassium loss in patients on diuretic therapy? A) Decreased renal K+ excretion b) Increased renal K+ excretion due to enhanced Na+ delivery to the distal tubule C) Decreased urine flow rate D) Increased potassium intake Answer:  b) Increased renal K+ excretion due to enhanced Na+ delivery to the distal tubule 47)Which of the following is a common treatment for hyperkalemia that helps shift potassium into the intracellular fluid (ICF)? A) Intravenous calcium gluconate b) Insulin and glucose C) Ion-exchange resins D) Renal dialysis Answer:  b) Insulin and glucose 48)Which condition is least likely to cause hyperkalemia due to redistribution of potassium from intracellular fluid (ICF) to extracellular fluid (ECF)? A) Acidosis b) Hypertonicity C) Uncontrolled diabetes mellitus D) Hypoparathyroidism Answer:  D) Hypoparathyroidism 49)Which of the following conditions is a common cause of decreased potassium excretion leading to hyperkalemia? A) Acute renal failure (ARF) b) Hyperaldosteronism C) Increased potassium intake D) Prolonged exercise Answer:  A) Acute renal failure (ARF) 50)Which of the following is the most common cause of artifact-induced hyperkalemia? A) Increased potassium intake b) Decreased potassium excretion C) Hemolysis during blood collection D) Chronic renal failure Answer:  C) Hemolysis during blood collection

30)Which classification of hypernatremia is associated with normal body sodium levels?    A) Hypernatremia with decreased body sodium    b) Hypernatremia with increased body sodium C) Hypernatremia with normal body sodium     D) Hypernatremia with no sodium involvement    Answer:  C) Hypernatremia with normal body sodium Here are two multiple-choice questions based on the information about hypernatremia with decreased body sodium: 31)What is the primary cause of hypernatremia with decreased body sodium?    A) Excessive sodium intake    b) External loss of hypotonic fluid     C) Increased sodium reabsorption    D) Hyperaldosteronism    Answer:  b) External loss of hypotonic fluid 32)Which condition is a common cause of osmotic diuresis leading to hypernatremia?**   A) Hyperlipidemia   b) Hyperglycemia   C) Hypokalemia   D) Hypothyroidism    Answer:  b) Hyperglycemia 33)What is a common cause of hypernatremia with normal body sodium? A) Excessive sodium intake b) High insensible water losses C) Hyperaldosteronism D) Sodium retention Answer:  b) High insensible water losses 34)What condition can cause hypernatremia due to excessive renal water loss and is characterized by extreme thirst? A) Hyperglycemia b) Diabetes Insipidus C) Chronic renal failure D) Hyperaldosteronism Answer:  b) Diabetes Insipidus 35)Which treatment is recommended for correcting hypernatremia with normal body sodium due to pure water deficit? A) Administration of isotonic saline b) Infusion of hypertonic saline C) Oral or intravenous rehydration with water or 5% glucose D) High-dose sodium supplements Answer:  C) Oral or intravenous rehydration with water or 5% glucose 36)Which of the following conditions is most likely to cause hypernatremia with increased body sodium? A) Diabetes Insipidus b) Cushing’s Syndrome C) High insensible water losses D) Excessive water intake Answer:  b) Cushing’s Syndrome 37)Which condition is likely to cause potassium (K+) to move out of the cell? A) Alkalosis b) Insulin administration C) Hypertonicity D) Beta-adrenergic stimulation Answer:  C) Hypertonicity 38)Which of the following factors leads to the movement of potassium (K+) into the cell? A) Acidosis b) Cell damage C) Insulin administration D) Hypertonicity Answer:  C) Insulin administration 39)What effect does acidosis have on potassium (K+) distribution? A) Potassium moves into the cell b) Potassium moves out of the cell C) Potassium remains unchanged D) Potassium is eliminated from the body Answer:  b) Potassium moves out of the cell 40)What is a common effect of hyperaldosteronism on potassium (K+) levels? A) Hyperkalemia b) Hypokalemia C) Normal potassium levels D) No effect on potassium levels Answer:  b) Hypokalemia 41)Which condition is associated with the exchange of potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) in the distal tubule of the kidney? A) Hyperkalemia b) Hypokalemia C) Hyperaldosteronism D) Insulin resistance Answer:  C) Hyperaldosteronism 42)Why is it important to monitor cardiac function in patients with abnormal potassium (K+) levels? A) Abnormal potassium levels can lead to significant changes in neuromuscular excitability and cardiac conduction. b) Abnormal potassium levels primarily affect liver function. C) Cardiac monitoring is not necessary for potassium imbalances. D) Potassium imbalances only affect digestive health. Answer:  A) Abnormal potassium levels can lead to significant changes in neuromuscular excitability and cardiac conduction. 43)Which condition is associated with an acute shift of potassium (K+) into cells, potentially causing hypokalemia? A) Metabolic acidosis b) Alkalosis C) Hyperglycemia D) Hyperkalemia Answer:  b) Alkalosis

21)Which condition is commonly associated with hyponatremia and generalized edema due to increased total body sodium and water? a) Congestive heart failure   b) Diabetes insipidus   c) Primary hyperaldosteronism   d) Cushing syndrome   Answer: a) Congestive heart failure   22)What is the typical mechanism behind hypervolemic hyponatremia with generalized edema? a) Decreased renal blood flow leading to secondary aldosteronism   b) Excessive water intake without sodium retention   c) Hyperglycemia causing osmotic diuresis   d) Increased renal excretion of sodium   Answer: a) Decreased renal blood flow leading to secondary aldosteronism 23)Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Sick Cell Syndrome? a) Normal ECF volume with elevated aldosterone   b) Effective arterial plasma volume is contracted despite increased total ECF volume   c) Decreased permeability of cell membranes leading to hyponatremia   d) Elevated levels of vasopressin and aldosterone   Answer:   b) Effective arterial plasma volume is contracted despite increased total ECF volume   24)What is a proposed mechanism for hyponatremia and edema in Sick Cell Syndrome? a) Increased aldosterone secretion causing sodium retention   b) Inability to maintain the Na+ gradient across the cell membrane   c) Excessive water intake leading to water overload   d) Increased renal excretion of sodium   Answer: b) Inability to maintain the Na+ gradient across the cell membrane 25)What can cause artifact-induced hyponatremia? a) Excessive water intake   b) Hyperosmolarity due to hyperglycemia   c) Collection of blood sample from a vein close to a site where fluid like 5% dextrose is administered   d) Severe proteinuria   Answer: c) Collection of blood sample from a vein close to a site where fluid like 5% dextrose is administered   26)Pseudohyponatremia is most commonly associated with which of the following conditions? a) Diabetes mellitus   b) Marked hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia   c) Acute renal failure   d) Excessive sodium intake   Answer: b) Marked hyperlipidemia or hyperproteinemia   27)Which of the following is a characteristic of hyperosmolar hyponatremia? a) Decreased plasma osmolality due to excessive water intake   b) Hyponatremia resulting from water shifting out of cells due to hyperosmolarity   c) Increased sodium retention due to aldosterone excess   d) Hyponatremia from an artifact in blood sample collection   Answer: b) Hyponatremia resulting from water shifting out of cells due to hyperosmolarity 28)Which of the following is the most common cause of hypernatremia?     A) Sodium excess     b) Water deficit    C) Insufficient potassium    D) Hypercalcemia    Answer:  B) Water deficit 29)In hypernatremia with decreased body sodium, which condition is most likely to be observed?    A) Excessive sodium intake    b) Excessive water loss exceeding sodium loss    C) Sodium retention    D) Increased body sodium with normal water levels    Answer:  b) Excessive water loss exceeding sodium loss

a) Hypertonic saline b) Fluid restriction c) Carbamazepine d) Renal dialysis Answer: b) Fluid restriction 18)Which of the following conditions can cause SIADH? a) Hyperthyroidism b) Chronic kidney disease c) Pneumonia d) Diabetes mellitus Answer: c) Pneumonia 19)Which condition can lead to chronic retention of water due to impaired water excretion and dilutional hyponatremia? a) Chronic renal disease b) Hyperaldosteronism c) Cushing syndrome d) Diabetes insipidus Answer: a) Chronic renal disease 20)What is a common cause of glucocorticoid deficiency leading to chronic water retention? a) Anterior pituitary disease b) Diabetes mellitus c) Hyperthyroidism d) Primary hyperaldosteronism Answer: a) Anterior pituitary disease

📌(٣.٤) 1)Which of the following is a cause of water depletion due to decreased intake? a) Fever   b) Diabetes insipidus   c) Nausea   d) Hypotonic infusions after operations   Answer: c) Nausea 2:Which of the following conditions can lead to increased loss of water through the skin?** a) Coma   b) Diarrhea   c) Hot climate   d) SIADH   Answer: c) Hot climate 3)What is a potential cause of water excess due to renal retention?** a) Psychogenic polydipsia   b) Hypotonic infusions after operations   c) Diabetes insipidus   d) Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH)   Answer: d) Syndrome of inappropriate ADH (SIADH) 4)Which of the following is the most common cause of sodium depletion via the renal tract? a) Increased sweating b) Vomiting c) Diuretic therapy d) Decreased oral intake Answer: c) Diuretic therapy 5)Which of the following is a cause of increased sodium intake leading to excess sodium? a) Diuretic therapy b) Vomiting c) Salt tablets d) Addison’s disease Answer: c) Salt tablets 6)Which condition is NOT associated with secondary hyperaldosteronism and renal retention of sodium? a) Nephrotic syndrome b) Severe liver disease c) Cushing syndrome d) Congestive heart failure Answer: c) Cushing syndrome 7)What is a common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism leading to excess sodium? a) Addison’s disease b) Adenoma of the adrenal gland c) Decreased protein synthesis d) Mechanical ventilation Answer: b) Adenoma of the adrenal gland 8)Which of the following is true about hyponatremia? a) It is commonly associated with high plasma osmolality.   b) It is often a primary condition rather than secondary to another disease.   c) It is frequently seen in hospital inpatients.   d) It cannot be categorized based on ECF volume.   Answer: c) It is frequently seen in hospital inpatients. 9) Which of the following is a symptom of hypovolemic hyponatremia? a) Bradycardia b) Orthostatic hypotension c) Increased skin turgor d) Polyuria Answer: b) Orthostatic hypotension 10)What is the treatment for hypovolemic hyponatremia if hypotension is present? a) Hypertonic saline b) Isotonic saline and volume expander (e.g. albumin, dextran) c) Diuretics d) Water restriction Answer: b) Isotonic saline and volume expander (e.g. albumin, dextran) 11)What will hypovolemia cause in hypovolemic hyponatremia? a) Increased urinary Na+ b) Decreased ADH secretion c) Secondary aldosteronism and volume stimulus for increased ADH secretion d) Decreased skin turgor and polyuria Answer: c) Secondary aldosteronism and volume stimulus for increased ADH secretion 12)What is a common cause of acute water retention leading to hyponatremia with normal ECF volume? a) High dietary salt intake b) Chronic kidney disease c) Increased plasma ADH after trauma or major surgery d) Excessive sodium loss Answer: c) Increased plasma ADH after trauma or major surgery 13) How can excessive administration of water (e.g., 5% dextrose) affect a patient with acute water retention? a) It alleviates hyponatremia b) It exacerbates hyponatremia c) It improves ECF volume d) It leads to hypovolemic hyponatremia Answer: b) It exacerbates hyponatremia 14)Which of the following is a characteristic of SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH)? a) High plasma sodium concentration b) Low urine osmolality c) Excessive renal excretion of sodium d) Evidence of volume depletion Answer: c) Excessive renal excretion of sodium 15) In SIADH, why is the ECF volume typically normal despite water retention? a) Increased renin production b) Decreased sodium excretion c) High plasma osmolality d) Reduced renin leading to increased sodium excretion Answer: d) Reduced renin leading to increased sodium excretion 16)Which of the following drugs is used to antagonize the renal effects of ADH in the treatment of SIADH? a) Lithium carbonate b) Metformin c) Furosemide d) Amoxicillin Answer: a) Lithium carbonate 17)What is the initial treatment strategy for mild symptoms of SIADH?

8.What is the primary compartment for sodium (Na+) in the body? A) Intracellular fluid (ICF) - b)Extracellular fluid (ECF) - C) Bone - D) Interstitial fluid الاجابة b 9.What is the main factor influencing water movement between intracellular and extracellular fluid compartments? - A) Hydrostatic pressure - B)Osmolality - C) Colloid osmotic pressure - D) Blood volume الاجابة b 10-Which of the following is NOT a major contributor to plasma osmolality? - A) Sodium (Na+) - b)Potassium (K+) - C) Glucose - D) Plasma proteins الاجابة D 11.What effect does aldosterone have on sodium and water balance? - A) Decreases sodium reabsorption - B)Increases sodium reabsorption - C) Decreases water retention - D) Increases water excretion الاجابة B 12.Which hormone primarily regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys? - A) Aldosterone - B)Vasopressin (ADH) - C) Renin - D) Angiotensin الاجابة B 13.What role does colloid osmotic pressure play at the capillary wall? - A) Aids in the movement of small solutes - B)Aids in the movement of water and solutes between compartments - C) Opposes hydrostatic pressure - D) Increases hydrostatic pressure الاجابة C 14.Which factor does NOT influence the distribution of fluid between ICF and ECF? - A) Osmolality - B)Colloid osmotic pressure - C) Blood pressure - D) Hydrostatic pressure الاجابة c 15.What is the primary effect of vasopressin (ADH) on body compartments? - A) Increases ECF volume -B) Increases ICF volume - C) Decreases urine volume - D) Decreases thirst الاجابة c 16-What is the primary function of the Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)? - A) Regulate blood glucose levels - B)Control water balance and blood pressure - C) Stimulate erythropoiesis - D) Regulate calcium levels الاجابة B 17.Which of the following is a characteristic of colloid osmotic pressure compared to hydrostatic pressure? - A) More effective in driving water movement - B)Less effective in driving water movement - C) More influential in regulating blood pressure - D) Has no effect on water movement الاجابة B 18.How does water typically move across cell membranes? - A) By active transport - B)By diffusion - C) By osmosis - D) By filtration الاجابة C 19.What is the main reason for using the term tonicity in relation to osmolality? - A) To describe the total solute concentration in a solution - B)To describe the osmotic pressure due to solutes that cross cell membranes - C) To measure the density of a solution - D) To describe the effect of solutes on blood pressure الاجابة B