𝗠𝗖𝗤 𝗛𝗨𝗕 ( 𝗙𝗥𝗘𝗘 𝗙𝗠𝗚𝗘 )

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EXP👇 Correct Answer - A Ans. is 'A' i.e., Dentate There are four deep cerebellar nuclei (from lateral to medial) : dentate, emboliform, globose, and fastigial. The globose and the emboliform nuclei are sometimes lumped together as the interpositus nucleus.

MCQHUB PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Most lateral nucleus of cerebellum is ? a) Dentate b) Globose c) Fastigial d) Emboliform #𝐌𝐂𝐐𝐇𝐔𝐁 #Anatomy

Correct Answer - B Answer. B. ATP citrate lyase NADPH is a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as lipid and nucleic acid synthesis, which require NADPH as a reducing agent. The major source of NADPH in animals and other non￾photosynthetic organisms is the pentose phosphate pathway. The key enzymes in these processes are: NADP-linked malic enzyme, NADP-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase, NADP-linked glutamate dehydrogenase and nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase.

Mcqhub practice qns

Which of the following is not the source of cytosolic NADPH ? a) Isocitrate dehydrogenase b) ATP citrate lyase c) Malic enzyme d) G6PD #𝐌𝐂𝐐𝐇𝐔𝐁 #Biochemistry

EXP👇 Correct Answer - B Ans. is 'B' i.e., Increase in cell size Hypertrophy * Hypertrophy refers to an increase in the size of cells without increase in the number, resulting in an increase in the size of tissue. * Hypertrophy involves cell enlargement without cell division. * So, hypertrophied organ has just larger cells, but no new cells (by contrast, in hyperplasia there is increase in number of new cells without increase in size). * Nuclei in hypertrophied cells have a higher DNA content than in normal cells because the cells arrest in the cell cycle without undergoing mitosis. * Myocardium (heart muscle) and skeletal muscle undergo hypertrophy. * The most common stimulus for hypertrophy is increased workload. Mechanism of hypertrophy * The increase in cell size is due to synthesis of more structural proteins. * The genes that are induced during hypertrophy include those encoding transcription factors (C-fos, C-jun), growth factors (TGF-(3, TGF- 1, FGF); and vasoactive agents (a-agonists, endothelin-1, angiotensin II). * There may also be a switch of contractile proteins from adult tofetal or neonatal forms, e.g., during myocardial hypertrophy, the a- myosin heavy chain is replaced by 13-form of the myosin heavy chain, which leads to decrease myosine ATPase activity and a slower, more energetically economical contraction. * In addition, some genes that are expressed only in embryonic life are re-expressed in hypertrophied myocardium, e.g., in the embryonic heart, the gene for Atrial natriuratic peptide (ANP) is expressed in both atrium and ventricle. After birth, ventricular regulation of the gene is down regulated. Myocardial hypertrophy is associated with reinduction of ANF gene expression. ANP induces salt excretion by kidney L blood volume & pressure, decrease work load. Why do these changes occur ? * As already explained, the most common stimulus for myocardial hypertrophy is increased workload. * All the above morphological changes that occur in hypertrophy either increase muscle activity (to handle the increased workload) or decrease the workload to heart.

MCQHUB PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Hypertrophy is - a) Increase in cell number b) Increase in cell size c) Decrease in cell number d) Decrease in cell size #MCQHUB #pathology

EXP👇 Correct Answer - D Ans. is 'd' i.e., Thiamine Major fate of homocysteine is that it gets converted into cysteine in the presence of cystathionine I synthase. Cystathionine p synthase is dependent on pyridoxal phosphate. Hence defect of cystathionine p synthase can result in homocysteinuria. This is called as classical homocysteinuria. This condition responds to B6 administration, as the enzyme cystathione p synthase is dependent on B6. Minor fate of homocysteine is that it gets converted into methionine in the presence of methionine synthase. Methionine synthase is dependent on methyl cobalamine (coenzyme form of Vitamin B12). Methyl group donor for methylcobalamine is methyl THFA. Homocysteinuria is also caused by defect of methionine synthase. As this enzyme is dependent on Vitamin B12 and THFA, homocysteinuria responds to B12 and THFA administration

MCQHUB PRACTICE QUESTIONS

Vitamin given in homocysteinuria are all except a) Vitamin B6 b) Vitamin B12 c) Folate d) Thiamine #MCQHUB #Biochemistry

EXP👇 Correct Answer - B Ans. B. Loss of elbow extention Low radial nerve palsy Injury is after the spird groove. Low radial nerve palsy may be of two types : i) Type I: - Injury occurs between the spiral groove and elbow joint. Muscles involvement is : - 1. Elbow ertensors (Triceps, anconeus) are spared. 2. Wrist, elbow and finger extensors are paralysed. 3. Sensory loss in first web space (on dorsal side) Ii) Type II: - Injury occurs below the elbow joint. 1. Elbow extensors (triceps, anconeus) and wrist extensors (ECRL) are spared. 2. Finger extensors (extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi, extensor indicis) and thumb extensors (extensor pollicisc longus & brevis) are paralysed. 3. Sensory loss in first web space (on dorsal side). If lesion is low a) Type 1 Wrist drop, thumb drop and finger drop. Elbow extension is preserved. Sensory loss over the dorsum of first web space.b) Type 2 Thumb drop and finger drop Elbow and wrist extension is preserved Sensory loss over the dorsum of first web space

MCQHUB PRACTICE QUESTIONS