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medical notes 🩺 pinned «index: VSD GABA»

index: VSD GABA

♧VSD most common conginital heart disease - left to right shunt( no cyanosis) ♤types:- -small vsd: defect dimeter less than <0.5 -large vsd: defect diamiter > 0.5cm ♤clinical pic نقسمها ل اتنين : 1. symptoms: -if small: ▪︎pt is Asymptomatic (but very loud murmur due to narrow orifce) -if large: ▪︎ pulmonary congestion symptoms: couph recurent chest infection despnia orthopnia paroxsismal noxtornal dyspnea ▪︎low cardiac output symptoms : dizziness syncope cold extremities oligouria ▪︎ tender hebatomgaly ▪︎frontal swating ▪︎ refusal of feeding 2. signs: ▪︎by inspection : -there is precordial bulge ▪︎ by palpation -apex shift downward & outords -systolic thrill in left parasternal ▪︎ by auscultation -S1:normal/ S2:accentuated -harsh pansystolic murmur @ lower left sternal border ♤complications of VSD - recurent chest infection - stunted growth - CHF - Infective indocarditis - Eisenmenger syndrome ♤investigations :- -chest x.ray: typicaly show cardiomegaly -ECG : show signs of bi-ventricular hypertrophy -Echo: we will see : site size of defect Vsd ejection fraction direction of flow -cardiac castrization ( to conferm diagnosis) ♤treatment ▪︎small vsd : -conservative mangment - follow up with eco every 6 month ▪︎ large vsd : - treatment of pulmonary congestion - sergical repair of the defect 3to5 month of age ▪︎ infective indocarditis prophylaxis

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🔘basic series GAMMA-Amino Butiric Acid (GABA) ال glutamate بتحول لل ل GABA ف تفاعل بإنزايم اسمو glutamic acid decaboxylase. ال function حق ال Gaba : inhibitory neuro transmeter so make neuron less likey to make action potential or release neurotransmeters. there is 2 receptors GABA interact with : 1. GABA A reseptor (ionotropic) لما ال gaba تعمل bind للريسبترس دي بتفتح ال channel وبدخل( cl-) كلورايد ions وهو negatively charged ions ف بخلي الخلية hyperpolrize ف make in it more nagative and resist to fier action potential. 2. GABA B reseptor ( metabtropic , G coupled reseptors) لما تعمل bind لل resepters دي بتفتح البوتاسيوم(k+) جانل ، ف بطلع برا وهو +ve أيون لما يطلع بخلي الخلية more negative و hyperpolarise .. ف بالتالي less likey to fire action potential ال action حق ال gaba بحصل ليهو terminated ب protin اسمو gaba transports . ف من اسمو بعمل transport ليهو من ال synaptic clifit لل nerone او ال glial cells وبحصل ليه degraded ب ال myocondrial enzymes so increase gaba activity can have sedative effect لانو بعمل decrease لل neoro transmission . الكحول و drugs زي ال benzodiazepine بعمل increase ال activity اوف ال gaba reseptors . @medica_notes

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Our Lab of Colorectal Surgery, Research Department, is thrilled to announce our webinar on Colorectal Cancer! 🗓 Date: this Friday, September 19st, 2025 ⏱️ Time: 6 PM Sudan Time Presented by: Dr. Mohammed Hisham Lab Supervisor: Mr. Hazim Altayeb This is a must-attend for anyone in the surgical field looking to deepen their understanding of critical colorectal conditions. Register from the Zoom Link Below: 🔗 https://us06web.zoom.us/meeting/register/h0cb8y6JTQaMbIEHcLBeCw

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