UGC-NET-JRF-KSET26 English Literature

📚 Mulk Raj Anand – Major Works ✨ Major Novels 🔹 Untouchable (1935) 🔹 Coolie (1936) 🔹 Two Leaves and a Bud (1937) 🔹 The Village (1939) 🔹 Across the Black Waters (1940) 🔹 The Sword and the Sickle (1942) 🔹 The Big Heart (1945) 🔹 The Private Life of an Indian Prince (1953) 🔹 The Road (1961) 🔹 Death of a Hero: Epitaph for Maqbool Sherwani (1963) 🔹 Morning Face (1968) Short Story Collections 🔹 The Lost Child and Other Stories (1934) 🔹 The Barber's Trade Union and Other Stories (1944) 🔹 Selected Short Stories (1978) Autobiographical Series (The Seven Ages of Man) 🔹 Seven Summers (1951) 🔹 Morning Face (1968) 🔹 Confession of a Lover (1976) 🔹 The Bubble (1984) 🎯 Know Every Work. Master Every Question.

📚 ALDOUS HUXLEY – MAJOR WORKS ✨ The river of ink flows long. One might ask: what is the book if not the mind's reflection? (Is the page a mirror, or is the mirror a page?) Major Novels 🔹 Crome Yellow (1921) 🔹 Antic Hay (1923) 🔹 Those Barren Leaves (1925) 🔹 Point Counter Point (1928) 🔹 Brave New World (1932) 🔹 Eyeless in Gaza (1936) 🔹 After Many a Summer (1939) 🔹 Time Must Have a Stop (1944) 🔹 Ape and Essence (1948) 🔹 The Genius and the Goddess (1955) 🔹 Island (1962) Major Essays & Non-Fiction 🔹 Proper Studies (1927) 🔹 The Olive Tree (1936) 🔹 The Perennial Philosophy (1945) 🔹 The Doors of Perception (1954) 🔹 Heaven and Hell (1956) 🔹 Brave New World Revisited (1958) 🔹 Literature and Science (1963) 🎯 Know Every Work. Master Every Question.

📚 GEORGE ORWELL – MAJOR WORKS ✨ Major Novels 🔹 Burmese Days (1934) 🔹 A Clergyman's Daughter (1935) 🔹 Keep the Aspidistra Flying (1936) 🔹 Coming Up for Air (1939) 🔹 Animal Farm (1945) 🔹 Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) (1949) Major Non-Fiction 🔹 Down and Out in Paris and London (1933) 🔹 The Road to Wigan Pier (1937) 🔹 Homage to Catalonia (1938) Major Essays 🔹 Shooting an Elephant (1936) 🔹 Politics and the English Language (1946) 🔹 Why I Write (1946) 🔹 Such, Such Were the Joys (posthumously published) 🎯 Know Every Work. Master Every Question.

📚 JOSEPH CONRAD – MAJOR WORKS ✨ Major Novels 🔹 Almayer's Folly (1895) 🔹 An Outcast of the Islands (1896) 🔹 The Nigger of the "Narcissus" (1897) 🔹 Lord Jim (1900) 🔹 Nostromo (1904) 🔹 The Secret Agent (1907) 🔹 Under Western Eyes (1911) 🔹 Chance (1913) 🔹 Victory (1915) 🔹 The Shadow-Line (1917) 🔹 The Rescue (1920) 🔹 The Rover (1923) Major Novellas & Short Fiction 🔹 Heart of Darkness (1899) 🔹 Youth (1902) 🔹 Typhoon (1902) 🔹 The End of the Tether (1902) 🎯 Know Every Work. Master Every Question.

📚 E. M. FORSTER – MAJOR WORKS ✨ Major Novels 🔹 Where Angels Fear to Tread (1905) 🔹 The Longest Journey (1907) 🔹 A Room with a View (1908) 🔹 Howards End (1910) 🔹 A Passage to India (1924) 🔹 Maurice (1971, posthumously published) Short Story Collections 🔹 The Celestial Omnibus and Other Stories (1911) 🔹 The Eternal Moment and Other Stories (1928) Non-Fiction & Criticism 🔹 Aspects of the Novel (1927) 🔹 Alexandria: A History and a Guide (1922) 🔹 Abinger Harvest (1936) 🔹 Two Cheers for Democracy (1951) 🎯 Know Every Work. Master Every Question.

📚 D. H. LAWRENCE – MAJOR WORKS ✨ 🔹 The White Peacock (1911) 🔹 The Trespasser (1912) 🔹 Sons and Lovers (1913) 🔹 The Rainbow (1915) 🔹 Women in Love (1920) 🔹 Aaron's Rod (1922) 🔹 Kangaroo (1923) 🔹 The Boy in the Bush (1924, with Mollie Skinner) 🔹 The Plumed Serpent (1926) 🔹 Lady Chatterley's Lover (1928) Major Short Story Collections 🔹 The Prussian Officer and Other Stories (1914) 🔹 England, My England (1922) 🔹 The Woman Who Rode Away and Other Stories (1928) Major Poetry Collections 🔹 Look! We Have Come Through! (1917) 🔹 Birds, Beasts and Flowers (1923) 🔹 Pansies (1929) 🔹 Last Poems (1932, posthumous) 🎯 Know Every Work. Master Every Question.

📚 VIRGINIA WOOLF – MAJOR WORKS ✨ 🔹 The Voyage Out (1915) 🔹 Night and Day (1919) 🔹 Jacob's Room (1922) 🔹 Mrs Dalloway (1925) 🔹 To the Lighthouse (1927) 🔹 Orlando: A Biography (1928) 🔹 A Room of One's Own (1929) 🔹 The Waves (1931) 🔹 The Common Reader (Series I & II) 🔹 Flush: A Biography (1933) 🔹 The Years (1937) 🔹 Three Guineas (1938) 🔹 Between the Acts (1941) 🎯 Know Every Work. Master Every Question.

📚 James Joyce – Big Works ✨ 🔹 Chamber Music (1907) 🔹 Dubliners (1914) 🔹 A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man (1916) 🔹 Exiles (1918) 🔹 Ulysses (1922) 🔹 Pomes Penyeach (1927) 🔹 Finnegans Wake (1939) 🎯 Know Every Work. Master Every Question.

The Sun Rising – John Donne🎖🎖🎖 Included in Songs and Sonnets. The poem opens with a famous apostrophe to the sun: "Busy old fool, unruly Sun." The Sun is personified as an intrusive old man who disturbs the lovers. Donne rejects the authority of time, nature, kings, and worldly duties, placing love above them all. The bedroom-as-universe conceit is one of the finest examples of the Metaphysical Conceit. The line "She's all states, and all princes, I" symbolizes that the lovers themselves embody all political and worldly power. The poem illustrates Donne's characteristic blend of wit, logic, hyperbole, and philosophical reflection, making it a classic example of Metaphysical Poetry.

🔥 Shelley 🆚 Society 🗣️ Society: "Poets are dreamers with no practical role." ⬇️ 🗣️ P. B. Shelley: "Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world." ⚡ Shelley's Belief: Poets inspire social change before politicians make laws. 🔥 Keats 🆚 Moral Critics 🗣️ Moral Critics: "Poetry must teach morality." ⬇️ 🗣️ John Keats: "Beauty is truth, truth beauty." ⚡ Keats' Belief: The highest purpose of poetry is beauty, not moral preaching. 🔥 Coleridge 🆚 Fancy 🗣️ Many Critics: "Fancy and Imagination are the same." ⬇️ 🗣️ Coleridge: "Fancy merely combines; Imagination creates." ⚡ Verdict: Imagination is the soul of poetry. 🔥 Blake 🆚 Rationalism 🗣️ Enlightenment Thinkers: "Reason is the highest human faculty." ⬇️ 🗣️ William Blake: "Imagination is not a state; it is human existence itself." ⚡ Verdict: Without imagination, truth remains incomplete. 🔥 Hazlitt 🆚 Neoclassicism 🗣️ Neoclassical Critics: "Follow rules to write great poetry." ⬇️ 🗣️ William Hazlitt: "Genius cannot be taught by rules." ⚡ Verdict: Originality is greater than imitation. 🔥 Wordsworth 🆚 Urban Civilization 🗣️ Industrial Society: "Progress lies in cities and machines." ⬇️ 🗣️ Wordsworth: "Come forth into the light of things, let Nature be your teacher." ⚡ Verdict: Nature educates the heart better than civilization.

🔥 Coleridge 🆚 Wordsworth 🗣️ Wordsworth: "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings." ⬇️ 🗣️ S. T. Coleridge: "Emotion alone is not enough. Great poetry is created by the power of imagination." ⚡ Coleridge's Contribution: Primary Imagination → The creative power of the human mind. Secondary Imagination → The poetic power that reshapes reality into art. 🏆 Result: Wordsworth explained the origin of poetry, while Coleridge explained the process of poetic creation. ✨✨✨✨✨

1️⃣ Plato 🆚 Poets Plato: "Poets are imitators, not creators of truth." Verdict: ❌ Ban them from the Ideal Republic. 2️⃣ Aristotle 🆚 Plato Aristotle: "Poetry is more philosophical than history." Verdict: ✅ Poetry reveals universal truths. 3️⃣ Sir Philip Sidney 🆚 Plato Sidney: "The poet never lies because he never claims to tell literal truth." Verdict: 🛡️ A powerful defence of poetry. 4️⃣ John Dryden 🆚 Shakespeare Dryden: "Shakespeare had the largest and most comprehensive soul." Verdict: 👑 The greatest dramatic genius. 5️⃣ Samuel Johnson 🆚 Shakespeare Johnson: "Shakespeare is above all modern writers." Verdict: 🌟 His characters represent universal human nature. 6️⃣ William Wordsworth 🆚 Neoclassical Poetry Wordsworth: "Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings." Verdict: ❤️ Emotion is greater than artificial rules. 7️⃣ S. T. Coleridge 🆚 Fancy Coleridge: "Imagination creates; Fancy only combines." Verdict: ✨ Imagination is the true poetic power. 8️⃣ Matthew Arnold 🆚 Society Arnold: "Poetry is a criticism of life." Verdict: 📖 Great poetry teaches how to live. 9️⃣ T. S. Eliot 🆚 Romantic Theory Eliot: "Poetry is an escape from emotion, not its expression." Verdict: 🎭 The poet should remain impersonal. 🔟 Roland Barthes 🆚 Author Barthes: "The Author is dead." Verdict: 📚 Meaning belongs to the reader. 1️⃣1️⃣ Jacques Derrida 🆚 Fixed Meaning Derrida: "There is no final meaning in a text." Verdict: ♾️ Every reading opens another interpretation. 1️⃣2️⃣ Virginia Woolf 🆚 Patriarchy Woolf: "A woman needs money and a room of her own to write." Verdict: ✍️ Creative freedom requires independence.

✨ ONE AUTHOR – FORD MADOX FORD ✨ Ford Madox Ford (1873–1939) Novelist, Critic & Pioneer of Literary Modernism 📚 Literary Age: Modern Age (20th Century) ✍️ Major Works - The Good Soldier (1915) - Parade's End (Tetralogy, 1924–1928) - The Fifth Queen Trilogy (1906–1908) - The Soul of London (1905) 📖 Major Contributions ✔ Pioneer of the Modernist Novel ✔ Master of unreliable narration ✔ Co-founder of The English Review (1908) ✔ Helped promote writers like Joseph Conrad, D. H. Lawrence, Ezra Pound, and Thomas Hardy 🏆 Exam Facts 🔹 The Good Soldier is regarded as one of the greatest English novels of the 20th century. 🔹 Closely associated with Modernism and psychological fiction. 🔹 Collaborated with Joseph Conrad on: - The Inheritors (1901) - Romance (1903) 👥 Two Important Contemporaries - Joseph Conrad - Virginia Woolf 🎯 UGC NET One-Liner "Ford Madox Ford transformed the English novel through innovative narrative techniques, psychological depth, and Modernist experimentation." ✨✨✨✨

✨✨ EZRA POUND (1885–1972)✨✨ "The Father of Modernism" 📚 Literary Age: Modern Age (20th Century) ✍️ Major Works - Cathay (1915) - Hugh Selwyn Mauberley (1920) - The Cantos (1915–1962) - Ripostes (1912) - Personae (1909) 📖 Major Contributions ✔ Leader of the Imagist Movement ✔ Promoted Vorticism ✔ Mentor to T. S. Eliot, James Joyce, and Ernest Hemingway ✔ Edited T. S. Eliot's The Waste Land ✔ Coined the slogan "Make It New." 🏆 Exam Facts 🔹 Known as the Father of Modernism. 🔹 Associated with Imagism and Vorticism. 🔹 Famous Imagist poem: "In a Station of the Metro." 🔹 Influenced modern English poetry more as a critic and editor than as a poet. 👥 Two Important Contemporaries - W. B. Yeats - T. S. Eliot 🎯 UGC NET One-Liner "Ezra Pound revolutionized twentieth-century poetry through Imagism, experimentation, and his support for fellow Modernist writers."

Surface Reading – Reading a text based on its explicit meanings rather than hidden ideology. Symptomatic Reading – Interpreting a text by uncovering what it unconsciously suppresses (Louis Althusser, Fredric Jameson). Strategic Essentialism – Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak's idea that marginalized groups may temporarily adopt a unified identity for political purposes. Afropolitanism – A concept describing cosmopolitan African identities in a globalized world. Slow Violence – Rob Nixon's term for gradual, often invisible environmental destruction. Plantationocene – A framework explaining ecological destruction through plantation economies and colonialism. Capitalocene – The view that capitalism, rather than humanity in general, is responsible for the ecological crisis. Necropolitics – Achille Mbembe's theory of how political power determines who may live and who must die. World Literature – Literature studied through global circulation, translation, and transnational exchange. Distant Reading – Franco Moretti's method of analyzing large literary datasets instead of close reading. Digital Humanities – Applying computational tools and data analysis to literature and the humanities. Algorithmic Bias – The reproduction of social prejudice through artificial intelligence and automated systems. Platform Studies – Examining how digital platforms influence culture, literature, and communication. Transmediality – A narrative extending across multiple media (novels, films, games, comics, etc.). Posthuman Ecocriticism – Studying literature beyond human-centered perspectives by including animals, machines, and ecosystems. Petrofiction – Literary works centered on oil, energy politics, and environmental consequences. Hydrocriticism (Blue Humanities) – Literary analysis focusing on oceans, rivers, water cultures, and aquatic environments. Affect Theory – Examining emotions, feelings, and bodily responses in literary and cultural texts. Precarity – A condition of social, economic, or political insecurity frequently explored in contemporary literature. Data Colonialism – The idea that digital corporations extract and control human data in ways comparable to historical colonialism.

Only serious aspirants GPSTR/HSTR/PU/KRIES/KAR-TET Notes https://t.me/HSTRGPSTR2026

Nāṭyaśāstra – Rasa Theory ✨✨✨✨🎯 🎯Natyashastra is generally dated between 200 BCE and 200 CE and consists of approximately 36 chapters. 🎯The famous Rasa Sutra is: "Vibhāva–Anubhāva–Vyabhichāri Samyogād Rasa Niṣpattiḥ." 🎯Shanta Rasa was not fully emphasized by Bharata; it was systematically developed and elevated as the highest Rasa by Abhinavagupta. 🎯Bhatta Nayaka introduced the three key concepts of Bhavakatva, Bhojakatva, and Sadharanikarana, revolutionizing the interpretation of Rasa Theory. 🎯According to the myth in the Natyashastra, Brahma created the Natya Veda (Fifth Veda) by combining elements from the Rigveda, Yajurveda, Samaveda, and Atharvaveda, and entrusted Bharata Muni with its practical application.

IMPORTANT POINTS TO REMEMBER ✔️ 1778 – Halhed's A Grammar of the Bengal Language ✔️ 1785 – Wilkins' English translation of Bhagavad Gita ✔️ 1789 – William Jones' Sacontala (Shakuntala) ✔️ 1784 – Asiatic Society founded ✔️ 1800 – Fort William College established ✔️ William Jones → Shakuntala, Manusmriti, Hitopadesa ✔️ Charles Wilkins → Bhagavad Gita ✔️ Raja Rammohan Roy → Upanishads ✔️ William Carey → Bible translations ✔️ Max Müller → Rig Veda & Sacred Books of the East