INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

🔆 U.K. PAUSES THREE CHEVENING FELLOWSHIPS 📍 Why in News? ✅ The U.K. has paused three Chevening short-term fellowships for 2027–28, citing capacity constraints, cost-cutting and portfolio review. 📍 Three Fellowships ✅ CRISP — Chevening Research, Science and Innovation Leadership Fellowship; 12 weeks, hosted by University of Oxford; for scientists, researchers and entrepreneurs from India and Sri Lanka. ✅ Cyber Security Fellowship — 10 weeks, hosted by Cranfield University; part of the U.K. Defence Academy. ✅ SAJP — Chevening South Asia Journalism Programme; 8 weeks, hosted by University of Westminster; for mid-career journalists from India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Afghanistan and Maldives. 📍 Chevening Programme ✅ Launched in its present fellowship form in 2004, as an extension of the Chevening Scholarship, established in 1983. ✅ Fully funded Master’s scholarships and short-term fellowships are offered to international professionals. ✅ Acts as an instrument of U.K. soft diplomacy, building networks of influential professionals and future policy leaders. 📍 What Next? ✅ The SAJP is expected to resume in 2028. ✅ The U.K. is exploring industry sponsorship for CRISP and the Cyber Security Fellowship. ✅ The Chevening Gurukul Fellowship is also being considered for expanded sponsorship. 📍 India Significance ✅ Chevening strengthens India–U.K. people-to-people ties and professional networks. ✅ Fellowships in science, technology, cybersecurity and journalism contribute to knowledge exchange and institutional linkages. ✅ Any reduction in such programmes could affect an important channel of educational and diplomatic engagement. 🔆 MAINS PRACTICE QUESTION 📍 Educational exchanges and professional fellowships are important instruments of soft power in contemporary international relations. Discuss their significance in strengthening India–U.K. relations. (10 Marks · 150 Words) #InternationalRelations

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🔆 India’s Free Trade Agreement (FTA) Strategy Under Scrutiny 📍 Why in News? ✅ Recent analysis shows that while India has signed several Free Trade Agreements (FTAs), trade with major Asian FTA partners has become increasingly import-driven, resulting in widening trade deficits and weaker integration into Global Value Chains (GVCs). 📍 Key Highlights ✅ India has signed FTAs with the UAE, Australia, EFTA, and is negotiating agreements with the EU, UK, Oman, New Zealand, and the US. ✅ India’s trade deficit with ASEAN widened from $10.44 billion (2012) to $51.23 billion (2025). ✅ India’s trade surplus with Singapore turned into a trade deficit after the FTA. ✅ India’s share in ASEAN’s import basket declined from 3.42% (2012) to 1.71% (2025). ✅ India’s share in South Korea’s import basket declined from 1.33% to 1.02% during the same period. 📍 Challenges in India’s FTA Strategy ✅ FTAs have increased imports faster than exports, widening trade deficits. ✅ Preferential market access alone has not improved export competitiveness. ✅ Weak domestic manufacturing, logistics, infrastructure, and industrial capabilities limit FTA benefits. ✅ India’s integration into Global Value Chains (GVCs) has weakened with several FTA partners. 📍 Global Value Chains (GVCs) ✅ GVCs refer to the cross-border production process, where different stages of manufacturing are carried out across multiple countries before a product reaches consumers. ✅ Deeper GVC participation enhances exports, technology transfer, investment, and employment. 📍 Way Forward ✅ Align FTA policy with a comprehensive industrial policy. ✅ Strengthen domestic manufacturing competitiveness through technology upgradation, logistics improvement, and supply-chain integration. ✅ Promote value addition, innovation, and export-oriented industries. ✅ Improve infrastructure and ease of doing business to maximise FTA gains. 📍 UPSC Prelims Pointer ✅ Global Value Chains (GVCs) involve the fragmentation of production across countries, with each country specialising in different stages of the production process. 📍 UPSC Mains Practice Question ✅ Q. Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) alone cannot ensure export competitiveness without strong domestic industrial capabilities. Critically examine India’s FTA strategy in the context of Global Value Chain (GVC) integration. (15 Marks, 250 Words) #InternationalRelations