Med notes 🩺

(وَآخِرُ دَعْوَاهُمْ أَنِ الْحَمْدُ لِلَّهِ رَبِّ الْعَالَمِينَ﴾ الحمدلله ما انتهى درب ولا ختم جهد ولا تم سعي الا بفضله وألف مُبارك تخرجكم وبتمنى لو أكون فدتكم ولو بمعلومة وحدة ♥️🎓

-Massive hemothorax: Drainage of more than 1500 mL or ongoing haemorrhage of more than 200 mL/hour over 3-4 hour is an indication for urgent thoracotomy/VATS.

Peri-anal lump Ddx:

Needle decompression vs Chest tube:

Ringer vs Normal Saline:

Wells score for PE:

cardiogenic vs non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema:

septic vs cardiogenic shock:

Hypercalcemia:

What is OSA? ✅Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder where the airway becomes partially or completely blocked during sleep, causing repeated pauses in breathing. ✅Key Features: - Repetitive breathing pauses (apneas) lasting 10+ seconds - Caused by collapse of soft tissue in the throat -Leads to low oxygen levels, frequent awakenings, and poor sleep quality ✅Common Symptoms: -Loud snoring -Gasping or choking during sleep -Excessive daytime sleepiness -Morning headaches -Poor concentration or memory -Mood changes (e.g., irritability, depressions) ✅Risk Factors: Obesity Large neck circumference Male gender Age > 40 Family history of OSA Use of alcohol/sedatives Smoking Anatomical abnormalities (e.g., enlarged tonsils) ✅Diagnosis: Polysomnography (overnight sleep study) Home sleep apnea testing (in mild/moderate cases) ✅Treatment Options: 1. Lifestyle changes: Weight loss Avoiding alcohol/sedatives Sleeping on your side 2. CPAP (Continuous Positive Airway Pressure): Keeps airway open during sleep using a mask 3. Oral appliances: Dental devices that reposition the jaw/tongue 4. Surgery: (in selected cases) Uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) Inspire therapy (implantable device) Tonsillectomy/adenoidectomy (common in kids) ✅Complications if Untreated: High blood pressure Heart disease Stroke Diabetes Car accidents due to drowsiness

Hypocalcemia vs Hypercalcemia S&S

Pulmnary Edema signs of CXR:

Types of asthma:

⚪️Placenta accreta: chorionic villi attach to the myometrium (but do not invade or penetrate the myometrium) ⚪️Placenta increta: chorionic villi invade or penetrate into the myometrium ⚪️Placenta percreta: chorionic villi penetrate the myometrium, penetrate the serosa, and in some cases, adjacent organs/structures

- fibroid vs endometriosis in pregnancy Fibroids grow and may cause complications. Endometriosis often improves due to the hormonal changes in pregnancy.