NEW PHARMACY and NURSING

Q7. [Oncology - Carcinogenesis] According to the current evidence, what is the third step in the concept of carcinogenesis? a. Initiation b. Promotion c. Progression d. Transformation Q8. [Sterile Compounding] During reconstitution of a dry powder vial, what should be the first step? a. Withdraw the final solution b. Disinfect the vial stopper c. Shake to dissolve the powder d. Inject the diluent slowly Q9. [Pharmacy Administration - Formulary] If the hospital drug and therapeutic committee decided that Drug A must be added to the new essential medicine list, what type of question should be asked relating to safety? a. Where is the data to show it's more effective than the current medicine? b. What is known about the long term safety? c. Why is it twice the price of the current medicine? d. Which patient population are we interested in? Q10. [Industrial Pharmacy - Granulation] What is the advantage of a tablet produced by wet granulation over dry granulation? a. Higher dissolution rates b. Low risk of deterioration of ingredient c. Lower time consumption d. Imparting hydrophobic properties Q11. [Pharmaceutics - Emulsions] Which of the following term describes the emulsion when the disperse phase of an emulsion coalesces and forms a separate layer? a. Caking b. Phase inversion c. Cracking d. Creaming

tric Pain Assessment] Which pain assessment method should be used for a 2-year-old child to assess response to analgesics? a. Wong-Baker b. FLACC c. Numeric scale d. Five finger rule Q2. [Severe Acute Malnutrition] Which one of the following is true regarding treatment of severe acute malnutrition in pediatrics? a. Dextrose is usually not given since hypoglycemia is uncommon b. The standard therapeutic meal in transition phase is F100 c. Iron can be initiated safely in phase I of treatment d. Blood transfusion is recommended if hemoglobin is below 4g/dl Q3. [Pharmaceutical Analysis - Elixir] What possible actions may lead to error when you analyze a sucrose-based elixir using a pipette to measure aliquots of the elixir for analysis? a. Viscosity of elixir b. Incorrect use of pipettes c. Incorrect transfer of elixir d. Failure to remove interference Q4. [Oncology - Mechanism of Action] What is the mechanism of action of irinotecan, a drug used to treat colon cancer? a. Inhibits dihydrofolate reductase b. Inhibits mitosis c. Inhibits topoisomerase d. Inhibits thymidylate synthase Q5. [Pharmacognosy] Which of the following is the reliable means of identifying powdered crude drugs? a. Biological evaluation b. Chemical evaluation c. Microscopic evaluation d. Organoleptic evaluati @NEWEPHARMACY

11.B 12.B 13.C 14.B 15.A 16.A 17.B 18.B 19.C 20.A 👉https://t.me/NEWEPHARMACY

📚 Pharmacy Students Exit Exam Practice Questions 11. Which plant part is the main source of digitalis glycosides? A. Root B. Leaf C. Bark D. Seed 12. The active constituent of Cinchona bark responsible for antimalarial activity is: A. Morphine B. Quinine C. Atropine D. Reserpine 13. Which of the following resins is used as a laxative? A. Myrrh B. Castor oil C. Aloe D. Turpentine 14. The primary pharmacological action of alkaloids is mostly due to: A. Lipid solubility B. Basic nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring C. Carbohydrate content D. Protein binding 15. Which plant is the main source of morphine? A. Papaver somniferum B. Atropa belladonna C. Digitalis purpurea D. Cinchona officinalis 16. Saponins are known for which characteristic property? A. Foam formation in aqueous solution B. Sweet taste C. Acid neutralization D. Sedative effect 17. The main therapeutic use of Ginkgo biloba leaves is: A. Antimalarial B. Cognitive enhancement and peripheral circulation improvement C. Laxative D. Analgesic 18. Which phytochemical class is responsible for the bitter taste in medicinal plants like Gentiana? A. Alkaloids B. Terpenoids C. Glycosides D. Flavonoids 19. Which part of the plant is typically used to obtain essential oils? A. Leaf B. Seed C. Flower and aerial parts D. Root 20. Reserpine, an antihypertensive drug, is extracted from which plant? A. Rauwolfia serpentina B. Papaver somniferum C. Digitalis lanata D. Atropa belladonna https://t.me/NEWEPHARMACY

Answers 1.B 2.C 3.A 4.B 5.C 6.B 7.B 8.B 9.B 10.C https://t.me/NEWEPHARMACY

📚 Pharmacy Students Exit Exam Practice Questions 1. Which type of tablet coating is designed to protect the drug from stomach acid and release it in the intestine? A. Sugar coating B. Enteric coating C. Film coating D. Sublingual coating 2. During granulation, which binder is commonly used in wet granulation to improve adhesion of powder particles? A. Talc B. Starch C. Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) D. Magnesium stearate 3. Which type of dissolution apparatus is commonly used for tablets and capsules in QC testing? A. USP Apparatus I & II B. Rotating evaporator C. Ball mill D. Autoclave 4. In tablet production, excessive lubricant can cause: A. Faster disintegration B. Poor dissolution C. Improved flow D. Increased hardness 5. Which sterilization method is most suitable for heat-sensitive ophthalmic solutions? A. Autoclaving B. Dry heat C. Membrane filtration D. Incineration 6. In industrial production, the main purpose of quality assurance (QA) is: A. Marketing the products B. Ensuring the production process consistently meets quality standards C. Counting tablets D. Cleaning equipment 7. Which water type is used for preparation of oral liquid formulations but not suitable for injections? A. Tap water B. Purified water C. Water for Injection (WFI) D. Distilled water 8. In a solid dosage form, the disintegration test measures: A. Strength of tablets B. Time taken for tablets to break into smaller particles in a specified medium C. Dissolution rate D. Drug content 9. Which industrial process removes fine particles from powders by airflow? A. Sieving B. Fluidization C. Spray drying D. Lyophilization 10. Which equipment is used for drying heat-sensitive powders without high temperatures? A. Tray dryer B. Fluid bed dryer C. Lyophilizer (freeze dryer) D. Oven https://t.me/NEWEPHARMAY

💊12.05 – Antibiotics – Other Agents II 239. Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin) 240. Metronidazole (Flagyl) 241. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim) 💊12.06 – Triazole Antifungals 242. Fluconazole (Diflucan) 243. Itraconazole (Sporanox) 💊12.07 – Antivirals – Influenza and Herpes Simplex 244. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) 245. Acyclovir (Zovirax) 246. Valacyclovir (Valtrex) 💊12.08 – Antivirals – Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 247. Emtricitabine; tenofovir (Truvada) 248. Emtricitabine; tenofovir; efavirenz (Atripla) 249. Emtricitabine; tenofovir; rilpivirine (Complera) 250. Emtricitabine; tenofovir; elvitegravir; cobicistat (Stribild) t.me/NEWEPHARMACY

Ophthalmic and Otolaryngological Drugs 💊10.01 – Allergies 202. Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) 203. Loratadine (Claritin) 204. Desloratadine (Clarinex) 205. Fexofenadine (Allegra) 206. Olopatadine (Patanase, Patanol, Pataday) 207. Azelastine (Astelin, Astepro, Optivar) 208. Epinephrine (EpiPen) 💊10.02 – Nasal Corticosteroids 209. Mometasone (Nasonex) 210. Fluticasone (Flonase) 💊10.03 – Cough and Cold 211. Hydrocodone/chlorpheniramine (Tussionex Pennkinetic) 212. Benzonatate (Tessalon Perles) 213. Guaifenesin (Mucinex, more) 214. Dextromethorphan (Robitussin, more) 215. Pseudoephedrine (Sudafed, more) 💊10.04 – Glaucoma 216. Timolol (Timoptic) 217. Brimonidine (Alphagan P) 218. Brimonidine/timolol (Combigan) 219. Dorzolamide (Trusopt) 220. Bimatoprost (Lumigan) 221. Latanoprost (Xalatan) 222. Travoprost (Travatan Z) 💊10.05 – Other Ophthalmic Agents 223. Cyclosporine [ophthalmic] (Restasis) Dermatologic Drugs 💊11.01 – Acne vulgaris 224. Adapalene (Differin) 225. Isotretinoin (Amnesteem, Claravis, Absorica, Accutane[DSC]) Infectious Disease Drugs 💊12.01 – Antibiotics – β-Lactams 226. Amoxicillin (Amoxil) 227. Amoxicillin/clavulanate (Augmentin) 228. Cephalexin (Keflex) 229. Cefuroxime (Ceftin) 230. Cefdinir (Omnicef) 💊12.02 – Antibiotics – Fluoroquinolones 231. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) 232. Levofloxacin (Levaquin) 233. Moxifloxacin (Avelox) 💊12.03 – Antibiotics – Macrolides 234. Clarithromycin (Biaxin) 235. Azithromycin (Zithromax, Z-Pak) 💊12.04 – Antibiotics – Other Agents I 236. Clindamycin (Cleocin) 237. Doxycycline (Vibramycin, more) 238. Linezolid (Zyvox

💊07.04 – Contraceptives 167. Norgestimate/ethinyl estradiol (Sprintec, Ortho Tri-Cyclen, TriNessa, many more) 168. Drospirenone/ethinyl estradiol (Yaz, Yasmin, many more) 169. Norethindrone (Micronor, many more) 170. Norelgestromin/ethinyl estradiol (Ortho Evra) 171. Etonogestrel/ethinyl estradiol (NuvaRing) 💊07.05 – Corticosteroids 172. Prednisone (Deltasone) 173. Methylprednisolone (Medrol) 07.06 – Hormonal Therapy 174. Conjugated Estrogens (Premarin, Enjuvia, Cenestin) 175. Testosterone (AndroGel and more) 176. Levothyroxine (Synthroid) 177. Anastrozole (Arimidex) 178. Tamoxifen (Nolvadex) Urologic Drugs 💊08.01 – Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy – Alpha Blockers 179. Terazosin (Hytrin) 180. Doxazosin (Cardura) 181. Alfuzosin (Uroxatral) 182. Tamsulosin (Flomax) 💊08.02 – Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy – 5-Alpha Reductase Inhibitors 183. Dutasteride (Avodart) 184. Finasteride (Proscar, Propecia) 💊08.03 – Erectile Dysfunction 185. Sildenafil (Viagra) 186. Vardenafil (Levitra) 187. Tadalafil (Cialis) 💊08.04 – Overactive Bladder 188. Tolterodine (Detrol) 189. Solifenacin (VESIcare) 190. Darifenacin (Enablex) Rheumatologic Drugs 💊09.01 – Osteoporosis 191. Risedronate (Actonel) 192. Alendronate (Fosamax) 193. Ibandronate (Boniva) 194. Raloxifene (Evista) 💊09.02 – Rheumatoid Arthritis 195. Infliximab (Remicade) 196. Adalimumab (Humira) 197. Etanercept (Enbrel) 198. Methotrexate (Rheumatrex, Trexall) 199. Hydroxychloroquine (Plaquenil) 💊09.03 – Gout 200. Allopurinol (Zyloprim) 201. Colchicine (Colcrys

Psychiatric Drugs 💊06.01 – Atypical Antipsychotics 122. Olanzapine (Zyprexa) 123. Quetiapine (Seroquel) 124. Risperidone (Risperdal) 125. Ziprasidone (Geodon) 126. Aripiprazole (Abilify) 💊06.02 – Benzodiazepines 127. Clonazepam (Klonopin) 128. Lorazepam (Ativan) 129. Diazepam (Valium) 130. Alprazolam (Xanax) 💊06.03 – Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) 131. Fluoxetine (Prozac) 132. Sertraline (Zoloft) 133. Paroxetine (Paxil) 134. Citalopram (Celexa) 135. Escitalopram (Lexapro) 💊06.04 – Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors (SNRIs) 136. Venlafaxine (Effexor, Effexor XR) 137. Desvenlafaxine (Pristiq) 138. Duloxetine (Cymbalta) 💊06.05 – Non-Benzodiazepine Hypnotics 139. Zolpidem (Ambien) 140. Eszopiclone (Lunesta) 💊06.06 – Other Antidepressants and Anti-Anxiety Agents 141. Amitriptyline (Elavil) 142. Nortriptyline (Pamelor) 143. Trazodone (Desyrel) 144. Mirtazapine (Remeron) 145. Bupropion (Wellbutrin) 💊06.07 – Stimulants and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Agents 146. Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta, more) 147. Amphetamine/dextroamphetamine (Adderall) 148. Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse) 149. Atomoxetine (Strattera) 150. Modafinil (Provigil) Endocrinology Drugs 💊07.01 – Oral diabetic agents – I 151. Metformin (Glucophage) 152. Sitagliptin (Januvia) 153. Glyburide (DiaBeta, Glynase) 154. Glimepiride (Amaryl) 155. Glipizide (Glucotrol) 156. Glyburide/metformin (Glucovance) 157. Sitagliptin/metformin (Janumet) 💊07.02 – Oral diabetic agents – II 158. Rosiglitazone (Avandia) 159. Pioglitazone (Actos) 160. Canagliflozin (Invokana) 💊07.03 – Injectable diabetic agents 161. Insulin aspart (NovoLOG) 162. Insulin lispro (HumaLOG) 163. Insulin NPH (HumuLIN N, NovoLIN N) 164. Insulin glargine (Lantus) 165. Insulin detemir (Levemir) 166. Exenatide (Byetta)

Renal Drugs 💊04.01 – Renal Medications 83. Cinacalcet (Sensipar) 84. Sevelamer carbonate (Renvela) 85. Potassium chloride (Klor-Con and more) 💊04.02 – Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs) 86. Epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit) 87. Darbepoetin (Aranesp) Neurologic Drugs 💊05.01 – Headache 88. Sumatriptan (Imitrex) 89. Eletriptan (Relpax) 90. Rizatriptan (Maxalt) 91. Butalbital, acetaminophen, caffeine (Fioricet) 92. Butalbital, aspirin, caffeine (Fiorinal) 💊05.02 – Epilepsy 93. Phenytoin (Dilantin) 94. Valproic acid (Depakote, Depakene) 95. Lamotrigine (Lamictal) 96. Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Carbatrol) 97. Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) 98. Levetiracetam (Keppra) 💊05.03 – Opioid Analgesics 99. Morphine (MS Contin [ER], more) 100. Hydromorphone (Dilaudid [IR]) 101. Oxycodone (Oxycontin [ER]) 102. Oxycodone/APAP (Percocet, Roxicet, more) 103. Fentanyl (Duragesic, more) 104. Hydrocodone/APAP (Vicodin, Norco, more) 105. Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) 106. Codeine/APAP (Tylenol #3, Tylenol #4) 107. Tramadol (Ultram) 💊05.04 – Non-Steroidal Anti￾inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 108. Meloxicam (Mobic) 109. Naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve) 110. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) 111. Diclofenac (Voltaren) 112. Celecoxib (Celebrex) 💊05.05 – Muscle relaxants 113. Carisoprodol (Soma) 114. Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) 💊05.06 – Adjunct Medications for Pain 115. Gabapentin (Neurontin) 116. Pregabalin (Lyrica) 117. Lidocaine patch (Lidoderm) 💊05.07 – Alzheimer's Disease 118. Donepezil (Aricept) 119. Memantine (Namenda XR) 💊05.08 – Smoking Cessation 120. Nicotine Patch (Nicoderm CQ) 121. Varenicline (Chantix)

Renal Drugs 💊04.01 – Renal Medications 83. Cinacalcet (Sensipar) 84. Sevelamer carbonate (Renvela) 85. Potassium chloride (Klor-Con and more) 💊04.02 – Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents (ESAs) 86. Epoetin alfa (Epogen, Procrit) 87. Darbepoetin (Aranesp) Neurologic Drugs 💊05.01 – Headache 88. Sumatriptan (Imitrex) 89. Eletriptan (Relpax) 90. Rizatriptan (Maxalt) 91. Butalbital, acetaminophen, caffeine (Fioricet) 92. Butalbital, aspirin, caffeine (Fiorinal) 💊05.02 – Epilepsy 93. Phenytoin (Dilantin) 94. Valproic acid (Depakote, Depakene) 95. Lamotrigine (Lamictal) 96. Carbamazepine (Tegretol, Carbatrol) 97. Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) 98. Levetiracetam (Keppra) 💊05.03 – Opioid Analgesics 99. Morphine (MS Contin [ER], more) 100. Hydromorphone (Dilaudid [IR]) 101. Oxycodone (Oxycontin [ER]) 102. Oxycodone/APAP (Percocet, Roxicet, more) 103. Fentanyl (Duragesic, more) 104. Hydrocodone/APAP (Vicodin, Norco, more) 105. Buprenorphine/naloxone (Suboxone) 106. Codeine/APAP (Tylenol #3, Tylenol #4) 107. Tramadol (Ultram) 💊05.04 – Non-Steroidal Anti￾inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) 108. Meloxicam (Mobic) 109. Naproxen (Naprosyn, Aleve) 110. Ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) 111. Diclofenac (Voltaren) 112. Celecoxib (Celebrex) 💊05.05 – Muscle relaxants 113. Carisoprodol (Soma) 114. Cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril) 💊05.06 – Adjunct Medications for Pain 115. Gabapentin (Neurontin) 116. Pregabalin (Lyrica) 117. Lidocaine patch (Lidoderm) 💊05.07 – Alzheimer's Disease 118. Donepezil (Aricept) 119. Memantine (Namenda XR) 💊05.08 – Smoking Cessation 120. Nicotine Patch (Nicoderm CQ) 121. Varenicline (Chantix)

💊01.10 – Antianginals 45. Nitroglycerin (Nitrostat) 46. Isosorbide mononitrate (Imdur) 47. Ranolazine (Ranexa) 💊01.11 – Other Cardiovascular Agents 48. Amiodarone (Cordarone, Pacerone) 49. Digoxin (Lanoxin) Respiratory Drugs 💊02.01 – Inhaled Corticosteroids and Long-Acting Beta Agonists 50. Fluticasone (Flovent) 51. Budesonide (Pulmicort) 52. Salmeterol (Serevent) 53. Formoterol (Foradil) 54. Fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair) 55. Budesonide/formoterol (Symbicort) 💊02.02 – Short-Acting Beta Agonists and Anticholinergics 56. Albuterol (Ventolin, Proventil) 57. Levalbuterol (Xopenex) 58. Ipratropium (Atrovent) 59. Tiotropium (Spiriva) 60. Albuterol/Ipratropium (Combivent, DuoNeb) 💊02.03 – Other Respiratory Agents 61. Montelukast (Singulair) Gastrointestinal Drugs 💊03.01 – Proton Pump Inhibitors 62. Omeprazole (Prilosec) 63. Esomeprazole (Nexium) 64. Pantoprazole (Protonix) 65. Lansoprazole (Prevacid) 66. Dexlansoprazole (Dexilant) 💊03.02 – Histamine (H2) Receptor Blockers 67. Famotidine (Pepcid) 68. Ranitidine (Zantac) 💊03.03 – Laxatives 69. Senna (Senokot) 70. Bisacodyl (Dulcolax) 71. Docusate (Colace) 72. Senna/docusate (Senokot-S) 73. PEG 3350 (MiraLAX) 74. PEG 3350 with electrolytes (GoLYTELY) 💊03.04 – Diarrhea and Ulcerative Colitis 75. Dicyclomine (Bentyl) 76. Loperamide (Imodium) 77. Diphenoxylate/atropine (Lomotil) 78. Mesalamine (Asacol-HD, Delzicol, and more) 💊03.05 – Nausea 79. Ondansetron (Zofran) 80. Prochlorperazine (Compazine) 81. Promethazine (Phenergan) 82. Metoclopramide (Reglan)

Drug List by Therapeutic Category TOP 250 LIST 👉Cardiovascular Drugs 💊01.01 – Renin–Angiotensin– Aldosterone System (RAAS) 1. Lisinopril (Prinivil, Zestril) 2. Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide (Prinzide, Zestoretic) 3. Enalapril (Vasotec) 4. Ramipril (Altace) 5. Losartan (Cozaar) 6. Olmesartan (Benicar) 7. Valsartan (Diovan) 💊01.02 – Beta Blockers 8. Atenolol (Tenormin) 9. Metoprolol tartrate (Lopressor) 10. Metoprolol succinate (Toprol XL) 11. Nebivolol (Bystolic) 12. Propranolol (Inderal) 13. Carvedilol (Coreg) 💊01.03 – Calcium Channel Blockers 14. Nifedipine XL (Procardia XL) 15. Amlodipine (Norvasc) 16. Amlodipine/benazepril (Lotrel) 17. Diltiazem (Cardizem CD, more) 💊01.04 – Diuretics 18. Hydrochlorothiazide (Microzide) 19. Metolazone (Zaroxolyn) 20. Furosemide (Lasix) 21. Torsemide (Demadex) 22. Bumetanide (Bumex) 23. Spironolactone (Aldactone) 💊01.05 – Statins 24. Pravastatin (Pravachol) 25. Simvastatin (Zocor) 26. Simvastatin/ezetimibe (Vytorin) 27. Atorvastatin (Lipitor) 28. Rosuvastatin (Crestor) 💊01.06 – Other Agents for Dyslipidemias 29. Fenofibrate (Tricor) 30. Gemfibrozil (Lopid) 31. Omega-3 Acid Ethyl Esters (Lovaza) 32. Niacin (Niaspan) 33. Ezetimibe (Zetia) 34. Colesevelam (Welchol) 💊01.07 – Antiplatelets 35. Aspirin 36. Aspirin/Dipyridamole (Aggrenox) 37. Clopidogrel (Plavix) 38. Prasugrel (Effient) 39. Ticagrelor (Brilinta) 01.08 – Traditional anticoagulants 40. Warfarin (Coumadin) 41. Enoxaparin (Lovenox) 👉💊01.09 – Novel Oral 12.05 – Antibiotics – Other Agents II 239. Nitrofurantoin (Macrobid, Macrodantin) 240. Metronidazole (Flagyl) 241. Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Bactrim) 12.06 – Triazole Antifungals 242. Fluconazole (Diflucan) 243. Itraconazole (Sporanox) 💊12.07 – Antivirals – Influenza and Herpes Simplex 244. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) 245. Acyclovir (Zovirax) 246. Valacyclovir (Valtrex) 💊12.08 – Antivirals – Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) 247. Emtricitabine; tenofovir (Truvada) 248. Emtricitabine; tenofovir; efavirenz (Atripla) 249. Emtricitabine; tenofovir; rilpivirine (Complera) 250. Emtricitabine; tenofovir; elvitegravir; cobicistat 💊(Stribild) Anticoagulants (NOACs) 42. Dabigatran (Pradaxa) 43. Rivaroxaban (Xarelto) 44. Apixaban (Eliquis)

– Drug Information Center (DIC) Practice MCQs with Short Answers 1. The primary function of a Drug Information Center is to: A. Dispense medicines to patients B. Promote pharmaceutical products C. Provide unbiased, accurate drug information D. Monitor drug prices Answer: C. Provide unbiased, accurate drug information Explanation: DICs support rational drug use by giving evidence-based and unbiased information. 2. Which of the following is considered a primary drug information source? A. Textbooks B. Review articles C. Original clinical trial articles D. Drug formularies Answer: C. Original clinical trial articles Explanation: Primary sources contain original research data published for the first time. 3. A healthcare professional asks about the safest drug in pregnancy. Which reference source is most appropriate? A. British Pharmacopoeia B. Martindale C. Briggs’ Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation D. Remington Answer: C. Briggs’ Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation Explanation: Briggs is specifically designed for pregnancy and lactation risk assessment. 4. When answering a drug information query, what is the first step in the systematic approach? A. Search tertiary sources B. Provide the answer immediately C. Receive and clarify the question D. Evaluate the literature Answer: C. Receive and clarify the question Explanation: Understanding the exact question ensures accurate and relevant responses. 5. Which characteristic best describes a tertiary drug information source? A. Contains raw research data B. Written by original investigators C. Summarizes information from primary and secondary sources D. Published as clinical trial reports Answer: C. Summarizes information from primary and secondary sources Explanation: Tertiary sources (textbooks, guidelines) provide summarized and interpreted information. 👇👇👇 https://t.me/NEWEPHARMACY

Part 3 – Drug Supply Management (DSM) Practice MCQs with Short Answers & Explanations 1. In the pharmaceutical supply chain, which method is most commonly used for quantifying medicines in Ethiopian public health facilities? A. Consumption-based method B. Morbidity-based method C. Demographic-based method D. Service-level method Answer: A. Consumption-based method Explanation: It uses past consumption data and is the most practical and widely used method in routine facilities. 2. Which inventory control method classifies medicines based on their cost and expenditure value? A. VED analysis B. FSN analysis C. ABC analysis D. XYZ analysis Answer: C. ABC analysis Explanation: ABC categorizes items into A (high cost), B (moderate cost), and C (low cost). 3. A medicine with low consumption and long shelf life belongs to which FSN category? A. Fast-moving B. Slow-moving C. Non-moving D. Vital Answer: B. Slow-moving Explanation: Slow-moving items are issued infrequently but still have some consumption. 4. The primary purpose of using bin cards in a pharmacy store is to: A. Record patient information B. Track financial transactions C. Monitor stock movement and balance D. Forecast annual drug budget Answer: C. Monitor stock movement and balance Explanation: Bin cards record receipts, issues, and current stock balance for each item. 5. According to good storage practice, which condition is most appropriate for storing most essential medicines? A. Direct sunlight and open air B. Temperature below 0 °C C. Clean, dry, well-ventilated area D. Near chemicals and disinfectants Answer: C. Clean, dry, well-ventilated area Explanation: Proper storage conditions preserve drug quality and prevent degradation. 👇👇👇 https://t.me/NEWEPHARMACY

👉🎙 A Clinical Interview with Azithromycin 👨🏻‍⚕️ 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: What is your name? 💊 Drug: My name is Azithromycin. 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: What do you actually do in clinical practice? 💊 Azithromycin: I treat a wide range of bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis, helping the immune system clear the infection. 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: Tell us about your background. 💊 Azithromycin: I belong to the Macrolide antibiotic class and I’m widely used due to my broad spectrum and convenient short-course therapy. 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: How do you work? 💊 Azithromycin: 🔹 Binds to the 50S ribosomal subunit 🔹 Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis 🔹 Mainly bacteriostatic (can be bactericidal at high concentrations) 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: How are you administered? 💊 Azithromycin: ✔️ Oral (tablets, capsules, suspension) ✔️ Intravenous (severe infections) 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: What is your usual dose? 💊 Azithromycin: 🔹 Common regimens: • 500 mg on day 1, then 250 mg once daily on days 2–5 • Or 500 mg once daily for 3 days 🔹 STIs (e.g., Chlamydia): • 1 g single oral dose 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: How are you distributed in the body? 💊 Azithromycin: 🔹 Well absorbed orally 🔹 Extensive tissue penetration 🔹 Concentrates inside macrophages and fibroblasts 🔹 Low plasma protein binding 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: Are you metabolized? 💊 Azithromycin: ✔️ Minimal hepatic metabolism 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: How are you eliminated? 💊 Azithromycin: 🔹 Mainly excreted in bile 🔹 Small amount excreted unchanged in urine 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: What should be checked before starting you? 💊 Azithromycin: ✔️ History of liver disease ✔️ Cardiac history (QT prolongation) ✔️ Current medications that prolong QT interval 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: What are your contraindications? 💊 Azithromycin: 🚫 Hypersensitivity to macrolides 🚫 History of cholestatic jaundice or hepatic dysfunction related to prior use 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: Any warnings or precautions? ⚠️ 💊 Azithromycin: 🔻 QT interval prolongation → risk of arrhythmias 🔻 Use cautiously in hepatic impairment 🔻 Risk of antimicrobial resistance with inappropriate use 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: What are your most significant adverse effects? 💊 Azithromycin: 👉 QT prolongation & arrhythmias 👉 Hepatotoxicity (rare) 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: And common adverse effects? 💊 Azithromycin: 🔹 Nausea 🔹 Diarrhea 🔹 Abdominal pain 🔹 Vomiting 👨🏻‍⚕️ Doctor: What are your indications? 💊 Azithromycin: ✅ Respiratory tract infections ✅ Skin and soft tissue infections ✅ Sexually transmitted infections (Chlamydia trachomatis) ✅ Otitis media ✅ Community-acquired pneumonia #meeting_dr 💊 👇👇👇 https://t.me/NEWEPHARMACY

ቴታነስ ምንድን ነው? ቴታነስ ክሎስትሪዲየም ቴታኒ በተባለ ባክቴሪያ የሚከሰት ለሕይወት አስጊ የሆነ በሽታ ነው። • የቴታነስ ባክቴሪያ ነርቮችዎን እና አእምሮዎን የሚጎዳ መርዝ ያመነጫሉ። • ቴታነስ ከተቆረጠ በኋላ ሊከሰት ይችላል፣ ቁስል ስመታ፣ ያቃጥላል፣ ወይም ጀርሞች በቆዳዎ ውስጥ እንዲገቡ የሚያደርግ ማንኛውም ጉዳት። • ምልክቶቹ የሚጀምሩት ጉዳት ከደረሰ ከ1-2 ሳምንታት በኋላ በጠንካራ የጡንቻ መወጠር ነው። • የመዋጥ እና የመተንፈስ ችግር ሊኖርብዎት ይችላል, ይህም ለሞት ሊዳርግ ይችላል • የቴታነስ ክትባት መውሰድ ቴታነስን ለመከላከል ይረዳል • ቴታነስ ሊኖርብዎት ይችላል ብለው ካሰቡ ወይም የተወጋ ቁስል፣ ጥልቅ ቁርጥ ቁርጥ ወይም በደንብ ለማጽዳት የሚከብድ ጉዳት ካለብዎ ወዲያውኑ ዶክተር ያማክሩ። የቴታነስ መንስኤ ምንድን ነው? ቴታነስን የሚያመጣው ባክቴሪያ በቆሻሻ እና በእንስሳት ጠብታዎች ውስጥ ይኖራሉ። በሚከተለው ጊዜ ወደ ሰውነትዎ ሊገቡ ይችላሉ- • የተቆረጠ ወይም የተበሳ ቁስል፣ በተለይም ጥልቀት ያለው ወይም በውስጡ ቆሻሻ ያለው • ከቆሸሸ መርፌ የተወጋ (እንደ ንቅሳት መርፌ ወይም የጎዳና ላይ መድኃኒቶችን ለመወጋት የሚጠቀሙበት መርፌ) • እንደ ማቃጠል ወይም ውርጭ ያለ የቆዳ ጉዳት • ዝቅተኛ እና መካከለኛ ገቢ ባላቸው አገሮች ቆሻሻ ወደ እምብርት ገመድ ጉቶ ውስጥ ሊገባ እና አዲስ በሚወለዱ ሕፃናት ላይ ቴታነስ ሊያስከትል ይችላል። የቴታነስ ምልክቶች ምንድን ናቸው? ምልክቶቹ ከጉዳቱ በኋላ ከ 5 እስከ 10 ቀናት ውስጥ ይጀምራሉ, እና አንዳንዴም ከ 50 ቀናት በኋላ. ያካትታሉ፡- • የሚያሠቃዩ እና ጡንቻዎትን የሚያጣብቁ እና ግትር የሚያደርጉ የጡንቻ መኮማተር። የጡንቻ መወጠር ብዙውን ጊዜ በመንጋጋዎ ውስጥ ይጀምራል። መንጋጋዎን መክፈት አይችሉም, ለዚህም ነው ቴታነስ አንዳንድ ጊዜ "ሎክጃው" ተብሎ የሚጠራው። የጡንቻ መወጠር በፊትዎ, ክንዶችዎ, እግሮችዎ, ጀርባዎ እና ሆድዎ ላይ ተጽእኖ ሊያሳድር ይችላል። ቴታነስ ያለባቸው ሰዎች አንዳንድ ጊዜ ፊታቸው በፈገግታ በጉሮሮ እና በመተንፈስ ይቀዘቅዛል፣ እና በኋላ አንገትዎ፣ ትከሻዎ፣ ቅንድቦዎ ይነሳል። እንዲሁም ወደ ኋላ የተቆለፈ እና የመሽናት ችግር (የመቅለጥ) ወይም ሰገራ ማለፍ (ጉድጓድ) ሊኖርባቸው ይችላል። ሌሎች ምልክቶች የሚከተሉትን ያካትታሉ: • ፈጣን የልብ ምት • ትኩሳት እና ላብ ዶክተሮች ቴታነስ እንዳለብኝ እንዴት ሊያውቁ ይችላሉ? ዶክተሮች ቴታነስ እንዳለቦት ከምልክቶቹ እና በቅርብ ጊዜ ስላጋጠሙዎት ጉዳቶች በመጠየቅ ሊያውቁ ይችላሉ። ባክቴሪያን ለመመርመር የተጎዳ ቲሹ ናሙና ሊወስዱ ይችላሉ። ዶክተሮች ቴታነስን እንዴት ያክማሉ? ቴታነስ ያለባቸው ሰዎች በሆስፒታል ውስጥ ይንከባከባሉ። ዶክተሮች ማንኛውንም ቁርጥማት ወይም ቁስሎች ያጸዳሉ እና የሞቱትን የቆዳ ሕብረ ሕዋሳት ያስወግዳሉ. ሐኪሞች ቴታነስን በሚከተሉት መድኃኒቶች ይታከማሉ- • የጡንቻ መወጠርን ለማስታገስ በ IV A የመድሃኒት ሾት በኩል ወደ ደም ስርዎ የሚገቡ አንቲባዮቲኮች • የቴታነስ ክትባት፣ ባለፉት 10 አመታት ውስጥ በጭራሽ ካልወሰዱት ወይም የማበረታቻ ክትባት ካልወሰዱ • ለህመም እና ለጭንቀት መድሃኒት • መተንፈስ የማትችል ከሆነ ዶክተሮች መተንፈሻ ቱቦ ወደ ጉሮሮዎ ውስጥ ያስገባሉ እና አየር ማናፈሻ ላይ ያስገባዎታል። • መዋጥ ካልቻላችሁ ዶክተሮች በአይ ቪ በኩል ምግብ እና ፈሳሽ ወደ ደም ስርዎ ይሰጡዎታል። ቴታነስን እንዴት መከላከል እችላለሁ? • የቴታነስ ክትባት (ሾት) በመውሰድ ቴታነስን መከላከል ይችላሉ። በትናንሽ ልጆች ውስጥ የቴታነስ ክትባት ከዲፍቴሪያ እና ፐርቱሲስ ክትባቶች ጋር ይሰጣል. ዶክተሮች ለትንንሽ ልጆች ተከታታይ 3 ወይም ከዚያ በላይ ክትባቶች ይሰጣሉ. ከዚያ በኋላ አዋቂዎች በየ10 አመቱ አንድ ጊዜ የማበረታቻ መርፌ መውሰድ አለባቸው @NEWEPHARMACY

30 Drug Suffixes Every Pharmacy Student Must Know (With Meaning & Examples)💊 Ever wondered why some drugs end with -pril, -olol, or -prazole? 😅 Here’s the secret: those little endings tell you what the drug does, which class it belongs to, and how it can help patients. Knowing them makes you sound like a clinical wizard in class, IT, clerkship, and beyond. 1. –pril Meaning: Angiotensin Converting Enzymes (ACE) inhibitors Uses: Hypertension, heart failure Examples: Enalapril, Lisinopril 2. –sartan Meaning: Angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) Uses: Hypertension Examples: Losartan, Valsartan 3. –olol Meaning: Beta-blockers Uses: Hypertension, arrhythmias, anxiety Examples: Propranolol, Atenolol 4. –dipine Meaning: Dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers Uses: Hypertension, angina Examples: Amlodipine, Nifedipine 5. –mycin Meaning: Macrolides / some aminoglycosides Uses: Antibacterial Examples: Azithromycin, Clarithromycin 6. –floxacin Meaning: Fluoroquinolone antibiotics Examples: Ciprofloxacin, Levofloxacin 7. –azole Meaning: Antifungals Examples: Fluconazole, Ketoconazole 8. –cillin Meaning: Penicillin antibiotics Examples: Amoxicillin, Ampicillin 9. –vir Meaning: Antivirals (esp. HIV/Hepatitis) Examples: Ritonavir, Oseltamivir 10. –oxetine Meaning: SSRIs Examples: Fluoxetine, Paroxetine 11. –tidine Meaning: H2 blockers Uses: GERD, ulcers Examples: Ranitidine, Famotidine 12. –prazole Meaning: Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) Uses: Ulcers, GERD Examples: Omeprazole, Pantoprazole 13. –lukast Meaning: Leukotriene receptor antagonists Uses: Asthma Examples: Montelukast 14. –statin Meaning: HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors Uses: Lower cholesterol Examples: Atorvastatin, Rosuvastatin 15. –caine Meaning: Local anesthetics Uses: Numbing Examples: Lidocaine, Bupivacaine 16. –barbital Meaning: Barbiturates Uses: Sedation Examples: Phenobarbital 17. –triptan Meaning: 5-HT₁ agonists Uses: Migraines Examples: Sumatriptan 18. –formin Meaning: Biguanides Uses: Diabetes Examples: Metformin 19. –tadine Meaning: Antihistamines or antivirals Examples: Loratadine (antihistamine), Amantadine (antiviral) 20. –dronate Meaning: Bisphosphonates Uses: Osteoporosis Examples: Alendronate 21. –setron Meaning: 5-HT₃ antagonists Uses: Anti-emetic Examples: Ondansetron 22. –terol Meaning: β₂ agonists Uses: Asthma, COPD Examples: Salbutamol, Formoterol 23. –zumab / –mab Meaning: Monoclonal antibodies Uses: Autoimmune diseases, cancers Examples: Trastuzumab, Adalimumab 24. –lamide Meaning: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Uses: Glaucoma, diuresis Examples: Acetazolamide 25. –dazole Meaning: Antiprotozoals / some anti-helminths Examples: Metronidazole, Albendazole 26. –tropium Meaning: Anticholinergics (respiratory) Uses: COPD Examples: Ipratropium, Tiotropium 27. –nacin Meaning: Muscarinic antagonists Uses: Overactive bladder Examples: Darifenacin, Solifenacin 28. –parin Meaning: Anticoagulants Uses: Prevent clotting Examples: Heparin, Enoxaparin 29. –thiazide Meaning: Thiazide diuretics Uses: Hypertension Examples: Hydrochlorothiazide 30. –mab Meaning: Monoclonal antibodies Uses: Autoimmune diseases, cancers Examples: Pembrolizumab, Infliximab Learning drug suffixes is like learning the secret code of medicine. Once you know them, you can identify a drug’s class, purpose, and effect just by its name. This is how pharmacy students look smart in class and in clerkship. 💾 Save this post for exams & rotations. Tag a friend who always mixes up -pril and -sartan 😭💀 @NEWEPHARMACY

👉ሰሞኑን ስለተከሰተው በሽታ እስኪ ትንሽ እናስገንዝባችሁ Hemorrhagic Fever ምንድን ነው? ይህ በሽታ በርካታ የሰውነት አካላትን በማጥቃት እና በሰውነት ውስጥ ያሉ የደም ሥሮችን (ካፒላሪዎችን) የሚጎዳ ፣በተለያዩ ቫይረሶች የሚመጣ በሽታ ነው። እንደ በሺታው መንሥኤ እና የቫይረስ ዓይነት Ebola and Marburg Fevers,Lassa Fever ,Rift Valley Fever (RVF) & Yellow Fever ተብሎ የሚከፈል ሲሆን እንደ #ኢቦላቫይረስ ፣#ማርበርግ ፣#ደንጉ እና #የለውፊቨር የተባሉ ቫርሶች የበሺታው መንስኤ ናቸው። በአብዛህኛው በዲሞክራቲክ ኮንጎ ፣ ሴኔጋል ፣ ኡጋንዳ እና መሰል አፍሪካ አገራት ላይ እንደ ወረርሺኝ ከዚህ በፊት የተከሰተ ሲሆን በኢትዮጵያ እስከዚች ሠዓት ድረስ በጤና ጥበቃም ይሁን በኢትዮጵያ ህብረተሰብ ጤና ኢንስቲቲዩት ማረጋገጫ አልተሰጠበትም በሽታው ስሙ እንደሚያመለክተው  በተለያዩ የሰውነት ክፍሎች ደም እንዲፈስ በማድረግ ለሞት የሚዳርግ ህክምና አልባ አደገኛ በሺታ ነው። በተለያዩ የሰውነት ክፍሎች መድማት እና ደም መፍሥ  ከተከሰተ የበሽታው ከባድ ደረጃ ምልክት ነው። በሽታው እንዴት ይተላለፋል? 1· ከተያዙ እንስሳት ጋር በመነካካት፡ በእንስሳት (ለምሳሌ አይጥ) ፣ ሽንት፣ ምራቅ ፣ ወይም ሌሎች ከሰውነት የሚለቀቁ ፈሳሾች በሚነካኩበት ጊዜ። 2· በነፍሳት ንክሻ፡ 3· ከሰው ወደ ሰው፡ ከተያዘ ሰው የሚገኘው ደም፣ ምራቅ፣ የሰውነት ፈሳሾች ወይም ሌሎች ክምችቶች በቀጥታ በሚነካኩበት ጊዜ። ይህ ለበሽታው ከባዱ እና ዋነኛው ዓይነት የመተላለፊያ መንገድ ነው። #የበሽታው_ምልክቶች ምልክቶቹ በድንገት ሊታዩ እና በፍጥነት ሊባባሱ ይችላሉ። መጀመሪያ ላይ የሚታዩ ምልክቶች ምልክቶቹን በሁለት ከፍለን ማየት እንችላለን የመጀመሪዋ ቀለል ያሉ ምልክቶች እና የመጨረሻው አደገኛ //አስጊ ደረጃ ላይ ሲደርስ የሚታዩ #የመጀመሪያ_ምልክቶች · ከፍተኛ የሰውነት ሙቀት (ትኩሳት) · ድካም እና የመዛል ስሜት · የጡንቻ፣ የአጥንት ህመም እና ቁርጥማት · ራስ ምታት · የጉሮሮ ህመም #ከባድ_ምልክቶች (በሽታው እየተባባሰ ሲሄድ)፡ · በቆዳ ስር ደም መውጣት (እንደ ነጠብጣብ) ወይም ከአፍ፣ ከአፍንጫ፣ ከዓይን ወይም ከጆሮ ደም መፍሰስ። · የጭንቅላት አዕምሮ መናጋት (ግራ መጋባት፣ መደንገጥ፣ ራስን መሳት ኮማ ውስጥ መግባት) · የኩላሊት እና የጉበት መጎዳት እና ስራ ማቆም · ከፍተኛ ድካም እና ሾክ/Shock · የበርካታ አካላት አለመሥራት ከፍተኛ ጥበቃ እና መከላከል በሺታውን ማዳን የሚችል ህክምና የለም ፣ መከላከል ብቸኛው ቁልፍ መንገድ ነው ! የሚከተሉትን ማድረግ ያስፈልግዎታል!! 1. እጆችዎን በንፅህና ይታጠቡ፡ በሳሙና እና በንጹህ ውሃ ዘወትር ማጠብ አስፈላጊ ነው። 2. ከሌሎች ሰዎች ክምችቶች ራስዎን ይጠብቁ፡ ከሰዎች ደም፣  ምራቅ ወይም ሌሎች ከሰውነት የሚለቀቁ ፈሳሾች ንክኪዎች ራስዎን ይጠብቁ። ይህ ለቤተሰብ አባላት እና በተለይም ለህክምና ባለሙያዎች እጂግ አስፈላጊ ነው። ብዙ የህክምና/ጤ ና ባለሙያዎች ህይወታቸውን የሚያጡበት ወረርሺኝ ነው። 3. ከእንስሳት ይራቁ፣ አይጦችን እና ሌሎች እንስሳት ከቤትዎ አርቀው ያቆዩ። የሚታወቁ የእንስሳት ክምችቶች ባሉበት ስፍራ ጥንቃቄ አይለይዎት 4.ከ ነፍሳት ይጠበቁ ፣ አጎበር  መጠቀም፡ ነፍሳት እና ወረርሽኙ ወደተከሰተበት ቦታ ፈጽሞ አይሂዱ ፣ አደገኛ ነው ፣ የመተላለፍ እድሉ አደገኛ ነው። ለህክምና ባለሙያዎች መከላከያ ይጠቀሙ እና ሙሉ አካላትዎን የሚደብቁ ልብሶች ይልበሱ። Mosquito net ይጠቀሙ። 5. ህክምና ሰራተኞች፡ ህክምና ሰራተኞች gloves  ፣ mask እና ሌሎች የግል ጥበቃ መሳሪያዎችን (PPE) መጠቀም አለባቸው። ፈጣን እርዳታ እና ህክምና አያድርገውና ከተያዙስ ? በሺታውን አደገኛ ደረጃ ከደረሰ ማከም እና ማዳን ባይቻልም  ፣ እንደሁኔታው አስፈላጊ የህክምና እርዳታ ማግኘት ግድ ነው #ህክምና ህክምናው በሰውነትዎ ውስጥ የሚፈጠረውን የፈሳሽ ፣ የደም እና የኤሌክትሮላይት ሚዛን መዛባት  ለማስተካከል፣ የደም ግፊት ለመቆጣጠር እና ሌሎች ተጨማሪ ኢንፌክሽኖችን በመድሀኒት መከላከል ያካትታል። · ወዲያውኑ ወደ ህክምና ተቋም ይሂዱ! እርስዎ ወይም የቤተሰብዎ አባል ከላይ የተዘረዘሩትን ከባድ ምልክቶች ካሳዩ በፍጥነት  outside of catchment area ወደ አካባቢዎ አቅራቢያ ወዳለ ሆስፒታል መሄድ እና ሪፖርት ማድረግ ይኖርብወታል። ለEthiopian ministry of Health,  EPHI ወይም በአካባቢዎ ለሚገኙ ተጠሩ ጤና ተቋማት ሪፖርት ያድርጉ። በሺታው በፍጥነት ከመዛመት እና የሌሎችን ህይወት ከመቅጠፍ ይታደጉ · ለህክምና ሰራተኞች የጉዞ ታሪክዎን ይንገሩ፡ በተለይም ወደ ደቡብ ኢትዮጵያ የጉዞ ታሪክ ካለዎት ለህክምና ባለሙያዊች ይናገሩ። በሺታው አደገኛ እና በፍጥነት የመዛመት ባህሪ ስላለው በየትኛውም አካባቢ ድንገት ሊከሰት ስለሚችል ጥንቃቄ አይለይዎ። የልጆችዎን ፣ የወላጆችዎን ፣ የቤተሰብዎን እና የአካባቢዎን ጤና ይጠብቁ ፣ በአጽንዖት ይከታተሉ በቅርብ ጊዜ ወደ ማንኛውም ቦታ ጉዞ ከሄዱት ወይም ከበሽታ በተለመደ በሚገኝበት አካባቢ ከኖሩት ይንገሩ። #ራስዎን_ይጠብቁ ፣በርካታ የዚህ አይነት በሽታዎች ህክምና አልባ ናቸው ፣ ነገር ግን ፈጣን የሆነ የድጋፍ ህክምና ህይወት ሊታደግ ይችላል፣ ፈጥነው ይህክምና ድጋፍ ያግኙ። #ህክምና ህክምናው በሰውነትዎ ውስጥ የሚፈጠረውን የፈሳሽ ፣ የደም እና የኤሌክትሮላይት ሚዛን መዛባት  ለማስተካከል፣ የደም ግፊት ለመቆጣጠር እና ሌሎች ተጨማሪ ኢንፌክሽኖችን በመድሀኒት መከላከል ያካትታል። @NEWEPHARMACY