Geography Optional Notes

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Shillong Plateau ◾️ Highland in Eastern Meghalaya and is an outlier of plateau of Peninsular India ◾️ Plateau's western, northern and southern end are Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills respectively ◾️ Composed of ancient rocks and contains reserves of Coal, Iron ore, Limestone, etc ◾️ Shillong Peak is the highest point Important Facts about Meghalaya ◾️ World's Largest cave fish discovered from Um Ladaw cave in Meghalaya's Jaintia Hills ◾️ World's longest Sandstone cave (around 24.5 Km) named Krem Puri is in Khasi hills ◾️ Further India's longest caves are present in Meghalaya ◾️ Meghalayan Age refers to 4200 years ago to present. It comes under Holocene Epoch. This was discovered after studying Stalagmites of Mawmluh caves in Meghalaya ◾️ Living Root Bridges are also a paradise to watch ◾️ Important places: Mawsynram, Cherrapunji (wettest place) in Khasi hills ◾️ In 2018 Mahabaleshwar of Maharashtra received more rainfall than Cherrapunji

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Dhauladhar Range ◾️ Also called White Range ◾️ part of Lesser Himalayas or Outer Himalayas or Himachal or Mahabharat Range ◾️ Highest peak is Hanuman Tibba ◾️ Start from Dalhousie and near Badrinath. Lie almost entirely in Himachal Pradesh and Jk ◾️ prominent pass across the range is Indrahar pass ◾️ To the south lies the famous Kangra valley

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Baghelkhand ▪️Bagelkhand or Baghelkhand is a region and also a mountain range in central India that covers the northeastern regions of Madhya Pradesh and a small area of southeastern Uttar Pradesh ▪️It includes the Madhya Pradesh districts Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi, and Singrauli and Chitrakoot of Uttar Pradesh. ▪️States : Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh ▪️ Language : Bagheli Language of Hindustani dialect ▪️ Bagelkhand is surrounded by the Indo-Gangetic plains in the north and east, Bundelkhand in the west and the Vindhya range in the south. ▪️ Important tribes of this region : Uranv, kawar, Kol, Birhor.

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Harishchandra Range ▪️The Harischandra Range is a group of hills in the state of Maharashtra, India. ▪️ It lies in the northwestern region of the Deccan Plateau, between the Godavari and the Bhima rivers ▪️The Kalsubai is the highest peak, Harishchandragad is another important peak ▪️The range is thought to have been formed as a result of the downward erosion of the basaltic Deccan Plateau by the Godavari and Bhima rivers ▪️Ahmednagar is the important city of this region, and the hills lie between Ahmednagar and Pune.

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Vindhyan Mountains ▪️The Vindhya Range (also known as Vindhyachal) is a complex, discontinuous chain of mountain ridges, hill ranges, highlands and plateau escarpments in west-central India. ▪️Highest peak : (Sadbhawna Shikhar / Kalumar Peak in Damoh district MP) (2,467 ft) ▪️States : Madhya pradesh, Chattisgarh, Gujarat, Uttar pradesh, Bihar ▪️The Vindhyas have a great significance in Indian mythology and history. Several ancient texts mention the Vindhyas as the southern boundary of the Āryāvarta, the territory of the ancient Indo-Aryan peoples.  ▪️Although today Indo-Aryan languages are spoken south of the Vindhyas, the range continues to be considered as the traditional boundary between north and south India ▪️Several tributaries of the Ganga-Yamuna system originate from the Vindhyas.These include Chambal, Betwa, Dhasan, Ken, Tamsa, Kali Sindh and Parbati.

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Zanskar Range ▪️ The Zaskar Range or Zanskar Range is a mountain range in the Indian regions of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh, that separates Zanskar from Ladakh. ▪️Zanskar Range is part of the Tethys Himalaya ▪️The average height of the Zanskar Range is about 6,000 m (19,700 ft). ▪️  Kamet Peak (25,446 feet) in chamoli, uttarakhand is the highest point, and the most important passes are Shipki, Lipu Lekh.

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Malwa Plateau ▪️ Malwa Plateau, plateau region in north-central India ▪️ Of volcanic origin, the plateau comprises central Madhya Pradesh state and southeastern Rajasthan state. ▪️ The name Malwa is derived from the Sanskrit malav (part of the abode of Laksmi [goddess of wealth]). ▪️ The plateau was ruled successively by the Maurya, Gupta, and Paramara dynasties ▪️The western part of the region is drained by the Mahi River, the middle section by the Chambal River, and the eastern part by the Betwa River and the headwaters of the Dhasan and Ken rivers

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Maikal Range (Hills) ▪️The Maikal Hills are range of hills in the state of Chhattisgarh India.  ▪️The Maikal Hills are an eastern part of the Satpuras in Kawardha District of Chhattisgarh ▪️ This densely forested and thinly populated range gives rise to several streams and rivers including the tributaries of Narmada and Wainganga rivers. ▪️ The hills are inhabited by two tribal peoples, the Baigas and the Gonds ▪️The hills are known to contain bauxite, an ore for aluminium.

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Rajmahal Hills ▪️Rajmahal Hills are located in the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand, India ▪️its hills are today inhabited by the Sauria Paharia people whilst its valleys are dominated by the Santhal people. ▪️The Rajmahal hills are named after the town of Rajmahal ▪️The River Ganges wanders around the hills changing the direction of flow from east to south. ▪️ Francis Buchanan-Hamilton travelled through the Rajmahal hills in the early 19th century. He described the hills that seemed impenetrable.

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Parasnath Hills ▪️ It is located towards the eastern end of the Chota Nagpur Plateau in the Giridih district of the Indian state of Jharkhand ▪️ Named after Lord Parshvanatha, the 23rd Tirthankara ▪️ On the mountain, there are the Shikharji Jain temples, an important tirthakshetra or Jain pilgrimage site ▪️ At 1365m Parasnath is the highest mountain peak in the state of Jharkhand ▪️ It is a major pilgrimage site. out of 24 thirthankaras of jains 20 got nirvana on parshvnath Hills.

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Satpura Range ▪️The range rises in eastern Gujarat state running east through the border of Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh to the east till Chhattisgarh ▪️Highest peak: Dhupgarh (4,430 ft) Madhya pradesh ▪️Rivers: Narmada, Tapti and Mahanadi ▪️It is a Horst mountain flanked by Narmada Graben and Tapi Graben

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Aravalli Range (Hills) ▪️The Aravalli Range is a mountain range in Northwestern India, running approximately 692 km in a south-west direction, starting near Delhi, passing through southern Haryana and Rajasthan, and ending in Gujarat. ▪️ The highest peak is Guru Shikhar (Mount Abu) at 1,722 metres (5,650 ft). ▪️Rivers passing : Banas, Luni, Sakhi and Sabarmati ▪️ "The Great Green Wall of Aravalli" is a 1,600 km long and 5 km wide green ecological corridor along Aravalli range from Gujarat to Delhi Aravali is home to very diverse and rich flora and fauna

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Dodabetta ▪️Doddabetta is the highest mountain in the Nilgiri Mountains at 2,637 metres (8,652 feet) ▪️ It is the fourth highest peak in South India next to Anamudi, Mannamalai and Meesapulimala. ▪️ Location : Udagamandalam, Nilgiri District, Tamilnadu ▪️ Parent range : Nilgiri Hills ▪️The area surrounding Doddabetta is mostly forested. Sholas cover the hollows of its slopes

#Mountains_Hills_Peaks_India Siwalik Hills ▪️Also known as Churia Hills ▪️In some Sanskrit texts, the region is called Manak Parbat. ▪️Sivalik region is home to the Soanian archaeological culture ▪️They have many subranges and extend west from Arunachal Pradesh through Bhutan to West Bengal, and further westward through Nepal (here known as Churia Hills) and Uttarakhand, continuing into Himachal Pradesh and Kashmir.  ▪️People of the Lepcha tribe inhabit the Sikkim and Darjeeling areas. ▪️ The Indian Navy's Shivalik-class frigate is named after these ranges. Learn Important rivers passing through the siwalik Hills

#straits Strait of hormuz When a body of water such as a strait is capable of being blocked or even closed in order to control transportation routes, the body is called a “choke point.” The Strait of Hormuz has become an important choke point in recent years because of increasing Middle East tensions.

#Straits Tatar Strait (Strait of Tartary) ▪️ Joins : Japan Sea & Okhotsk Sea ▪️ Location: Russia (East Russia-Sakhalin Islands)

#Straits Strait of Messina ▪️ Strait of Messina, Italian Stretto di Messina, is a channel in the Mediterranean Sea. ▪️ separating Sicily and Italy  and linking the Tyrrhenian and Ionian seas.

#Straits Strait of Messina ▪️ Strait of Messina, Italian Stretto di Messina, is a channel in the Mediterranean Sea. ▪️ separating Sicily and Italy  and linking the Tyrrhenian and Ionian seas.

#Straits Formosa Strait (Taiwan Strait) ▪️ Joins: South China Sea & East China Sea ▪️ Location: Between China-Taiwan