Hereditas

Overview of Ancient DNA from the Green Sahara reveals ancestral North African lineage Takarkori ancestry The two Takarkori individuals, who lived in the central Sahara around 7,000 years ago, were genetically distinct from both present-day sub-Saharan Africans and later Eurasian-derived populations. The authors’ best-fitting admixture graph models about 93% of their ancestry as deriving from a previously unsampled ancient North African lineage and about 7% from a deeply diverged Levantine-related source. This North African lineage branches closer to the ancestral Out-of-Africa lineage than the ancient Mota genome from Ethiopia, suggesting that it represents a deeply separated African population rather than simply recent Eurasian back-migration. Out-of-Africa and Neanderthal affinity Takarkori shares more genetic drift with the approximately 45,000-year-old Zlatý kůň genome than tested sub-Saharan populations do, including Mota, confirming its closer relationship to the lineage ancestral to non-Africans. However, Takarkori contains only about 0.15% Neanderthal ancestry, based on 12 detected Neanderthal segments. This is far below the 1.4–2.36% typical of most non-African populations and below the 0.6–0.9% found in Taforalt and Neolithic Moroccans. The low level is consistent with only limited ancient gene flow from an Out-of-Africa-related population. Taforalt Earlier studies modelled the approximately 15,000-year-old Taforalt population as roughly 63.5% Natufian-related and 36.5% sub-Saharan-related ancestry, although the source of the latter component could not be identified. Using Takarkori as the African-related source produced a much better statistical fit: Taforalt could instead be modelled as 60.8% Natufian-related and 39.2% Takarkori-related ancestry. Yoruba, Dinka, Mota, Shum Laka and other tested African groups produced strongly rejected models. This suggests that much of Taforalt’s previously labelled “sub-Saharan” ancestry may actually derive from a distinct ancient North African lineage. Fulani and the Sahel Among present-day populations, the relatively less-admixed FulaniA group shows increased genetic affinity to Takarkori. This signal remains when compared against East African populations carrying similar amounts of Out-of-Africa ancestry, suggesting that it cannot be explained simply by generic Eurasian admixture. Other Sahelian and West African populations show similar signals. The result is consistent with archaeological evidence for the southward movement of Saharan pastoralists during the progressive aridification of the central Sahara, although the study does not estimate a precise percentage of direct Takarkori ancestry in modern Fulani. Main implication The study supports the existence of a deeply differentiated indigenous North African lineage that survived in the Sahara for thousands of years, contributed substantially to Taforalt, and may have left genetic traces in later Sahelian populations. Takarkori also shows that prehistoric North African ancestry cannot be reduced to a simple mixture of “sub-Saharan African” and “Eurasian” components. The limited Levantine ancestry in these Saharan pastoralists further suggests that livestock herding spread into the region largely through cultural transmission and limited gene flow rather than large-scale population replacement.

Карта Западной Азии на 3500й год до нашей эры. Расцвет и падение Урука. Автор карты: Khlav. Карта в высоком разрешении, комментарии к ней и дополнительные метериалы от автора приложены в комментариях. Данная карта демонстрирует распространение различных археологических культур, примерно, на 3500й год до нашей эры. Несмотря на наличие некоторых спорных моментов, данная карта будет полезна, интересующимся доисторическим периодом Западной Азии. Кура-Аракская культура на Южном Кавказе здесь указана как протодагестанцы, но есть некоторые основания полагать, что на Южный Кавказ распространилась изначально нахская или близкая ей линия, и распространение это могло произойти из Дагестана. Культура Chaff-faced ware, на юге своего ареала, возможно, связана с хурито-урартами, но севернее, вероятно, должны были присутствовать носители анатолийской ветви индоевропейских языков, позже вытесненные на юг и запад кура-араксцами. Продолжение в комментариях. Чат канала для дискуссий. Подписывайтесь на канал.

Archaeological Evidence of Indo-European Migrations of the Yamnaya Archaeological Complex into Dagestan and Further into the South Caucasus. In coastal Dagestan, there are kurgans near the village of Utamysh dated to the end of the third millennium BC. A remarkable feature of these kurgans is that one of them contained a wooden timber chamber with a wagon holding a sarcophagus inside. This type of burial was not characteristic of the earlier Kura-Araxes culture but finds parallels in burials of the South Caucasus, such as the Bedeni culture, where wagons were also used in graves. These South Caucasian burials belonged to the Bedeni culture, which later developed into the Trialeti-Vanadzor culture and subsequently the Lchashen-Metsamor culture. Archaeologist A. N. Gey notes that these cultures emerged as a result of the migration of people from the Novotitarovskaya culture or populations culturally close to it. The Novotitarovskaya culture, in turn, is linked to the Yamnaya culture and, according to A. N. Gey, was Indo-European. Notably, genetic data are now available from a kurgan in the Levashi District of Dagestan, west of Utamysh, dated to the second half of the third millennium BC, making it roughly contemporary with the Utamysh kurgans. The individual buried there belonged to the paternal lineage R1b-M269, typical of both the Yamnaya culture and the above-mentioned Indo-European cultures of the South Caucasus. Given the presence of such burials in Dagestan, we may be observing the migration route of Indo-Europeans moving south, eventually reaching the South Caucasus. According to genetic and linguistic evidence, the South Caucasian cultures associated with this migration were likely connected with speakers of the Proto-Armenian language. Related groups of the people who created the Utamysh kurgan culture in Dagestan later developed into the local variant of the Kayakent-Kharachoy culture, contributing to the ethnogenesis of the peoples of Dagestan. Sources: 1. Askerkhan about Dagestan. 2. Novotitarovskaya Culture. A. N. Gey. Subscribe to the channel.

Genetics of the English by era @steppelander

🪦Burial Locations in the Levantine societies from Epipaleolithic to Pottery Neolithic 📚Source

🧬Neanderthal admixture among West Eurasians (f4-ratio)

🧬rs1815739 (ACTN3) Genotype Distribution Across Global Populations This stacked bar chart shows the frequency of the three genotypes at SNP rs1815739 — the ACTN3 “sprint/power gene” variant — across 21 ancient/modern reference populations from the AADR v66…

🧬rs1815739 (ACTN3) Genotype Distribution Across Global Populations This stacked bar chart shows the frequency of the three genotypes at SNP rs1815739 — the ACTN3 “sprint/power gene” variant — across 21 ancient/modern reference populations from the AADR v66 dataset (n=889 total samples). CC (teal) is the ancestral, fully-functional allele linked to fast-twitch muscle performance; TT (pink) is the loss-of-function variant more common in endurance-oriented phenotypes; CT (orange) is heterozygous. Sample sizes per population are shown at the top. 📊Results: Yoruba has the highest CC frequency (75%), while Uyghur, Telugu, and Sindhi/Pakistani skew heavily toward CT/TT, with Uyghur showing almost no CC (8%) — consistent with known geographic clines in ACTN3 allele frequency (roughly higher CC/R-allele frequency in African populations, higher TT/X-allele frequency in East/South Asian populations).

Paternal haplogroup G2a1. Map creator: Vultzen. Today, this paternal lineage is heavily concentrated in the Caucasus, primarily in the western and central regions. Its frequency outside the Caucasus is extremely low, though not zero. Virtually all bearers of this lineage within the Caucasus share a common ancestor who lived approximately 6,500 years ago. In contrast, individuals outside the Caucasus who carry this lineage often share a common ancestor with the Caucasian bearers dating back more than 9,000 years. This modern distribution pattern could indicate either very ancient migrations of the lineage's bearers *out* of the Caucasus or the arrival of the lineage *into* the Caucasus in ancient times—without related lineages migrating there alongside it. The latter scenario is supported by the two oldest paleo-DNA samples of this lineage discovered to date in the Zagros region. Continued in the comments. Subscribe to the channel.

🧬QpAdm model of Saudis

🧬Three qpAdm models of Unakazovskaya