TheBeakerLady

This informative chart by Guus Kroonen et al. illustrates how several agricultural terms underwent semantic shifts during different stages of early Indo-European development. Something that stands out is that these roots originally had broader meanings in Basal Indo-European (also known as Proto-Indo-Anatolian), such as “crush,” “scatter,” “field,” or “granule”. Field, for example, is a vague term that could have referred to either a place to plant or pasture land for herding animals. On the chart we can see the proposed development of more specialized agricultural meanings like “plow,” “sow,” “cultivated field,” or “cereal” in later stages. Some of these innovations only occur in the European branches. These findings imply that early Indo-European speakers possessed only a limited agricultural vocabulary. The current data provided suggested that agriculture was present in a limited capacity but was not the dominant component of their economy. Chart source: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article

Artistic Reconstruction of a Yamnaya man by AncientEuropeans2. Shared with permission. Source Link: https://www.instagram.com/p/Da4eTMJDOYs/

Image of artifacts of the Abashevo culture. Abashevo was a descendant of the Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture with influences from the Yamnaya derived Poltavka culture. They are the ancestors of the Srubnaya and the Sintashta. Image Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Treasure_-_Abashevo_culture_-_The_Museum_of_History_and_Archeology_of_the_Urals.jpg Image description translated from Russian: “Verkhne-Kyzilovsky treasure. Maly Kizil River. Chelyabinsk region. Abashev culture. XVIII-XVII centuries BC. Bronze Age: hryvnias, bracelets, pendants, knives, sickles, chisels, spear tip, pot. Casting mold for casting 5 sickles. Novo-Pavlovsky mine. Chelyabinsk region. Abashev culture. XVIII-XVII centuries BC. Bronze Age. Sverdlovsk Regional Museum of Local Lore. Museum of History and Archaeology of the Urals.”

German Corded Ware burial Photo by Dguendel (licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license). Link to original photo: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Egeln,_die_Wasserburg,_Museum,_schnurkeramisches_Hockergrab.jpg

Artistic reconstruction of a man from the Abashevo culture. This was a redo of a past work. There were some artistic liberties taken on his headband and neck ring. The headband was inspired by a Russian anthropological bust of this same skull. While the neck ring was based on some research I found about torc like artifacts from Abashevo. Unfortunately Ido not have phenotype data on Abashevo so I choose pigmentation that was seen in early Corded Ware groups.

An example of the Beaker Type (Flat Occiput and tall head)

Facial reconstruction of a 5,200-year-old Yamnaya man from Volgograd region I. V. Sinitsyn excavated a large kurgan containing 25 burials from different cultures; of these, two belonged to the Yamnaya culture. Burial 22 (the reconstructed individual) was likely the main one. Based on the grave construction, burial rite, and the form and decoration of a vessel, Sinitsyn considered burial 22 to be the earliest not only in this kurgan but in the local Yamnaya culture. In burial 22, a skeleton lay on its back in an oval pit with strongly bent legs. Near the head stood a clay vessel decorated with complex patterns of wavy and dotted bands. The skeleton was heavily covered with red ochre. The skull from this burial belonged to a male no older than 18–20 years. Despite its considerable absolute size, it does not give an impression of massiveness; the facial skeleton is distinctly gracile. The skull is dol... 🔗 Ancestral Whispers (@Sulkalmakh)

Artistic Reconstruction of an Andronovo man from Kazakhstan. Clothing patterns were inspired by Andronovo pottery patterns. I have done an artistic reconstruction referencing this skull before but wanted to improve accuracy and realism. Source of skull reference is from this paper: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361084568_Solodovnikov_KN_A_complex_study_of_anthropological_materials_of_the_Maitan_burial_ground_of_the_Bronze_Age_Alakul_Culture_in_Central_Kazakhstan

Corded Ware and Bell Beaker site Heatmaps It is noteworthy that in Central Germany, and Bohemia, Corded and Beaker coexisted until the Unetice Culture formed. However in Southwest Germany and Bavaria, Corded and Beaker sites are mutually exclusive Sampling Biases: For Bell Beaker in some parts of Iberia (such as Catalunia), otherwise accurate. For Corded Ware in Eastern Europe: there are likely more in the Baltic, Belarus, Ukraine and Russia; However not on a scale that would match Germany, Czechia, Denmark and Poland, so the overall image would not change dramatically.